Long term stability of air processed inkjet infiltrated carbon-based printed perovskite solar cells under intense ultra-violet light soaking

Hashmi, Syed Ghufran; Tiihonen, Armi; Martineau, David; Özkan, Merve; Vivo, Paola; Kaunisto, Kimmo; Vainio, Ulla; Zakeeruddin, Shaik M.; Grätzel, Michaël

doi:10.1039/c6ta10605f

Cited by 90 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(41 reference statements)

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“…The PCEs achieved here belong to the highest values reported for vacuum-processed NiO x HTLs without additional doping (besides the intrinsic defect doping), thus highlighting the high quality of the electron beam evaporated NiO x layer. [67][68][69][70][71] Indeed, contact angle measurements confirm a good wettability (contact angle < 90°) for the triple-cation perovskite solution on the smooth NiO x surface without spreading of the droplet (see Figure S12 in the Supporting Information). In particular, for the inkjet-printed devices, the advance from the latest reported records with stabilized PCEs of up to 18.3% for singlecation and 12.9% for triple-cation is remarkable and indicates the great promise of this technology.…”

Section: Nickel Oxide Hole Transport Layers For Efficient Perovskite-mentioning

confidence: 87%

Electron‐Beam‐Evaporated Nickel Oxide Hole Transport Layers for Perovskite‐Based Photovoltaics

Abzieher

Moghadamzadeh

Schackmar

et al. 2019

Advanced Energy Materials

141

149

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application-oriented research like process engineering and upscaling is observed. [1][2][3][4][5] Even though other optoelectronic devices like light emitting diodes and lasers are being researched, [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] perovskite-based photovoltaics (PV) is the key technology driving the fast emergence of perovskitebased optoelectronics. Recently, power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) close to 24% were demonstrated for perovskite PV, exceeding the PCEs of established thinfilm technologies. [14] Despite the rapid progress in terms of PCE, one key challenge of perovskite-based PV is still its low stability under realistic outdoor stress conditions-temperature, humidity, and ultraviolet (UV) radiation. A significant advance toward more stable devices was demonstrated by engineering the composition of the large cation site of the perovskite crystal structure and by including low-dimensional perovskite interlayers and passivation layers. [15][16][17][18][19][20] Further advances in stability are based on the charge extracting materials and their interfaces with the perovskite absorber layers. [21][22][23] Most reported record PCEs are still based on highly expensive organic hole transport layer (HTL) materials like 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis[N,N-di (4methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9′-spirobifluorene (spiro-MeOTAD) or poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine] (PTAA). [20,24,25] Although these materials result in good performance on short High-quality charge carrier transport materials are of key importance for stable and efficient perovskite-based photovoltaics. This work reports on electron-beam-evaporated nickel oxide (NiO x ) layers, resulting in stable power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of up to 18.5% when integrated into solar cells employing inkjet-printed perovskite absorbers. By adding oxygen as a process gas and optimizing the layer thickness, transparent and efficient NiOx hole transport layers (HTLs) are fabricated, exhibiting an average absorptance of only 1%. The versatility of the material is demonstrated for different absorber compositions and deposition techniques. As another highlight of this work, all-evaporated perovskite solar cells employing an inorganic NiO x HTL are presented, achieving stable PCEs of up to 15.4%. Along with good PCEs, devices with electron-beam-evaporated NiO x show improved stability under realistic operating conditions with negligible degradation after 40 h of maximum power point tracking at 75 °C. Additionally, a strong improvement in device stability under ultraviolet radiation is found if compared to conventional perovskite solar cell architectures employing other metal oxide charge transport layers (e.g., titanium dioxide). Finally, an all-evaporated perovskite solar mini-module with a NiO x HTL is presented, reaching a PCE of 12.4% on an active device area of 2.3 cm 2 .

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Section: Nickel Oxide Hole Transport Layers For Efficient Perovskite-mentioning

confidence: 87%

Electron‐Beam‐Evaporated Nickel Oxide Hole Transport Layers for Perovskite‐Based Photovoltaics

Abzieher

Moghadamzadeh

Schackmar

et al. 2019

Advanced Energy Materials

141

149

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“…In fact, the PCE dramatically increased from 5.08% to 8.04%. Further issues for the realization of scalable high-temperature processed carbon-based PSCs are (i) mechanical infiltration of the perovskite solution, in order to have a fully reproducible and printable fabrication method; 163 (ii) long-term stability under UV-light soaking; 164,165 (iii) high-temperature thermal stability; 166 and (iv) enlargement of the active area of the cell. 167 The manual infiltration of the perovskite precursor solution onto the carbon layer limits reproducibility and is also time-consuming.…”

Section: High-temperature Processed Front Electrodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[168][169][170][171] For this reason, the same cells obtained by inkjet printing and stored without encapsulation were subjected to intense 1.5 sun UV light illumination in an electronic weather chamber, at 45% RH and 40 1C. 164 In the first 250 h, the cell ameliorated its performances in both J sc (+17%) and PCE (8.6%); this behavior may be ascribed to the additional curing of perovskite crystals under UV light. After this time, a slow degradation of cell performance started.…”

Section: High-temperature Processed Front Electrodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon-based materials for stable, cheaper and large-scale processable perovskite solar cells

Fagiolari

Bella

2019

Energy Environ. Sci.

247

188

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Almost ten years after their first use in the photovoltaic (PV) field, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are now hybrid devices that, in addition to having reached silicon performance, can accelerate the energy transition and boost the use of abundant elements for their manufacturing process. However, noble metals (in particular gold) represent the most typically used sources for back electrode fabrication, and this issue has been intensively considered by the research community in the last five years. This review shows how the most promising solution, considering also the need to develop a large-scale production process, is based on the use of carbon-based materials for the preparation of back electrodes. Graphite, carbon black, graphene and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been proposed, functionalized and characterized, leading to laboratory-scale solar cells and modules capable of providing excellent efficiencies and ensuring stability greater than those of gold-based devices. Strengthened by these results and its hydrophobizing properties, carbon has also started to be used as an electron transporting material (ETM), with excellent results on both rigid and flexible substrates. This review discusses the major advances and the updated state-of-the-art in the carbon-based PSC scenario, keeping a solid trajectory where the accessibility, low cost, high electrical conductivity, chemical stability and controllable porosity of carbon are highlighted and exploited in the design of upscalable hybrid solar cells. Broader contextToday, more than 75% of the world energy demand is met by traditional, non-sustainable energy resources, mainly based on coal, natural gas and oil. Photovoltaics represents a concrete action to mitigate fossil fuel consumption, and among all the developed solar cells, perovskite-based ones have shown the highest increase in terms of efficiency (currently above 25%). Halide perovskites, as a family of new-generation semiconductor materials, are also exploitable for light-emitting devices, photodetectors and memristors, but their use in photovoltaics gives rise to outstanding performances. Here, photogenerated charges pass through electron/hole transporting materials and are transferred to the external circuit by front and back electrodes. While the front electrode is a common conductive glass, many issues are now under study concerning the back electrode, traditionally made of gold. Indeed, replacing this expensive metal with a much cheaper alternative is vital for realizing affordable solar technologies. Carbon, in its multiple forms, represents the winning solution and the scientific community has recently shown its large scale processability, its power as a stability booster and some interesting effects at the perovskite/electrode interface. This review shows how carbon is becoming the winning ingredient for the scaling up and worldwide diffusion of perovskite solar cells.

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“…The device shows a lack of J SC with only 15 mAcm −2 and V OC below 1 V, due to nonoptimized crystallization in the scaffold pores. Hashmi et al further developed the concept with screen printing the mesoporous TiO 2 and ZrO 2 layer . The perovskite ink containing MAI, PbI 2 , and 5‐AVAI is printed from GBL solution and is annealed for 1.5 h at 50 °C under ambient conditions for full conversion to the black perovskite phase.…”

Section: Inkjet‐printed Perovskite‐based Optoelectronicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in Inkjet‐Printed Metal Halide Perovskite Photovoltaic and Optoelectronic Devices

2019

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Inkjet printing (IJP) has evolved over the past 30 years into a reliable, versatile, and cost‐effective industrial production technology in many areas from graphics to printed electronic applications. Intensive research efforts have led to the successful development of functional electronic inks to realize printed circuit boards, sensors, lighting, actuators, energy storage, and power generation devices. Recently, a promising solution‐processable material class has entered the stage: metal halide perovskites (MHPs). Within just 10 years of research, the efficiency of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) on a laboratory scale increased to over 25%. Despite the complex nature of MHPs, significant progress has also been made in controlling film formation in terms of ink development, substrate wetting behavior, and crystallization processes of inkjet‐printed MHPs. This results in highly efficient inkjet‐printed PSCs with a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of almost 21%, paving the way for cost‐effective and highly efficient thin‐film solar cell technology. In addition, the excellent optoelectronic properties of inkjet‐printed MHPs achieve remarkable results in photodetectors, X‐ray detectors, and illumination applications. Herein, a comprehensive overview of the state‐of‐the‐art and recent advances in the production of inkjet‐printed MHPs for highly efficient and innovative optoelectronic devices is provided.

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Long term stability of air processed inkjet infiltrated carbon-based printed perovskite solar cells under intense ultra-violet light soaking

Abstract: The long term stability of air processed inkjet infiltrated carbon based perovskite solar cells (CPSCs) is investigated under intense ultra-violet light soaking equivalent to 1.5 Sun UV light illumination.

Cited by 90 publications

References 30 publications

Electron‐Beam‐Evaporated Nickel Oxide Hole Transport Layers for Perovskite‐Based Photovoltaics

Electron‐Beam‐Evaporated Nickel Oxide Hole Transport Layers for Perovskite‐Based Photovoltaics

Carbon-based materials for stable, cheaper and large-scale processable perovskite solar cells

Advances in Inkjet‐Printed Metal Halide Perovskite Photovoltaic and Optoelectronic Devices

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