Long-term salt-water durability of GNPs reinforced basalt-epoxy multiscale composites for marine applications

Şükür, Emine Feyza; Önal, Gürol

doi:10.1016/j.triboint.2021.106910

Cited by 30 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Based on leveraging thermal, mechanical, and structural characterizations in a complimentary manner, the proposed degradation mechanism for the CF/PEKK composite due to the hydrothermally aging process are schematically depicted in Figure 9. Free water molecules at the surface diffuse into thermoplastic polymer and as such accumulate in defect sites such as voids and surface micro‐cracks which are often unavoidably created during the manufacturing process 38 . The free water molecules are then predominantly absorbed by the amorphous phase of the semi‐crystalline PEKK matrix thereby leading to inhomogeneous water absorption within the composite structure.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Free water molecules at the surface diffuse into thermoplastic polymer and as such accumulate in defect sites such as voids and surface micro-cracks which are often unavoidably created during the manufacturing process. 38 The free water molecules are then predominantly absorbed by the amorphous phase of the semi-crystalline PEKK matrix thereby leading to inhomogeneous water absorption within the composite structure. This inhomogeneous water absorption causes localized matrix plasticization as schematically illustrated in Figure 9.…”

Section: Scanning Electron Microscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

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A rational study on the hydrothermal aging of AFP manufactured CF/polyetherketoneketone composites with in situ consolidation supported by acoustic emission inspection

Şükür

Elmas

Seyyednourani

et al. 2022

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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In this study, carbon fiber (CF)/polyetherketoneketone (PEKK) composites with 5% void content, manufactured via an in situ consolidated automated fiber placement (AFP) lay‐up process, are aged in hot water at 70°C for 30 days. Firstly, a deep understanding of the deterioration in the mechanical performance is developed with a comprehensive and complementary set of material characterization strategies, including (i) microstructural characterization with Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), (ii) thermal characterization with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and (iii) dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The material characterization concurrently highlights the plasticization and post‐crystallization phenomena after aging with changes in the peak densities with FTIR, formation of second glass transition temperature (Tg) in DSC and DMA, and drop in storage modulus, loss modulus, and tan delta (δ) amplitudes. Then, acoustic emission (AE) is utilized as an inspection tool to identify the damage mechanisms regarding the 6.5%, 5.2%, and 4% decrease in tensile strength, strain at failure and modulus, respectively, in a comparative manner. The AE findings, remarking the weakening of the fiber–matrix interface after aging, are validated with scanning electron microscopy analysis. This study introduces an aging process‐induced damage mechanism triggered with inhomogeneous water absorption for AFP manufactured CF/PEKK composites with in situ consolidation.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Scanning Electron Microscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

A rational study on the hydrothermal aging of AFP manufactured CF/polyetherketoneketone composites with in situ consolidation supported by acoustic emission inspection

Şükür

Elmas

Seyyednourani

et al. 2022

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…The specific performance was as follows: the loss temperature curves of the three blends with salt aging have only one peak, and the Tg value of 20% 2021P/DGEBA was the largest, reaching 140.44 • C, followed by 10% 2021P/DGEBA, the Tg value was 132.97 • C. The Tg value of 0% 2021P/DGEBA was greatly reduced, which was 122.99 • C. Yoon et al [32] discovered that the Tg of carbon/epoxy resin composites in 5% NaCl saline environment for one month was 95 • C, which decreased by 10.3 • C compared with that before aging, similar to the Tg change of DGEBA in saline environment in this paper. The test phenomenon in this paper was that after 28 days of aging in salt medium, the molecular chain of DGEBA was relaxed and most of the molecular chains of functional groups were broken, resulting in the increase of molecular free volume [33]. Additionally, water entering the resin increases the distance between molecular chains and weakens the interaction between molecular chains, enhanced the motion ability of molecular chains and decreased Tg.…”

Section: Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (Dma)mentioning

confidence: 98%

Blending Modification of Alicyclic Resin and Bisphenol A Epoxy Resin to Enhance Salt Aging Resistance for Composite Core Rods

et al. 2022

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In order to promote the application of composite insulators in coastal areas with high temperature, high humidity and high salt, it is of great importance to develop matrix resin with salt corrosion resistance for composite core rods. In this study, bisphenol A epoxy resin was modified by blending with alicyclic epoxy resin (2021P). Three different proportions of 2021P/DGEBA blend resins (0% 2021P/DGEBA, 10% 2021P/DGEBA and 20% 2021P/DGEBA) were prepared, and the high salt medium corrosion test was carried out. The physicochemical (FTIR, DMA, TGA) and electrical properties (dielectric loss, leakage current and breakdown field strength) of the blend resin before and after aging were tested and analyzed, and the optimal blend proportion was determined. The results showed that after salt aging, the Tg of 0% 2021P/DGEBA decreased to 122.99 °C, while the Tg of 10% 2021P/DGEBA reached 134.89 °C; The leakage current of 0% 2021P/DGEBA increased to 48.994 μA, while that of 10% 2021P/DGEBA only increased to 44.549 μA; The breakdown field strength of 0% 2021P/DGEBA dropped to 40.36 kv/mm, while that of 10% 2021P/DGEBA only dropped to 43.63 kv/mm. The introduction of 2021P enhanced the salt corrosion resistance of the blend resin, which could hinder the penetration, diffusion and erosion of external media (such as Na+, Cl−, H2O, etc.) to the matrix resin. The comprehensive properties of 10% 2021P/DGEBA blend system reached the best, which was better than other blending resins, showing great application potential.

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“…The experimental result of Sukur, EF., and Gurol O. 58 reveal that the presence of graphene nanoparticles at a concentration of 0.3% by weight improves the tensile properties of the composite; however, the tensile performances of the composite degrade when exposed to saltwater for a long period. Besides, Dipak K. and Ramesh K. 59 investigate the effect of stacking sequence on the mechanical behavior of carbon and glass fiber hybrid composites under seawater conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of saltwater on the mechanical properties of basalt/carbon/glass-epoxy hybrid composites

Esleman

Önal

2022

Journal of Composite Materials

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The impact of environmental conditions on the mechanical properties of composites is critical for various industries, particularly marine. The paper examines the effect of saltwater conditions on the mechanical properties of basalt, carbon, and glass fibers/epoxy hybrid composites. The composite samples were manufactured using Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding (VARTM) and then immersed in saltwater solution before tests. The tests were performed using Instron 8801 with 100 kilonewtons (kN) capacity. The environmental effects on the mechanical properties were supported by the Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) analysis of the water. The ICP-OES analysis result shows a transfer of ions from the fiber to the saltwater solution. As a result, the mass gain of all the samples increases with the conditioning period, while the tensile and flexural properties show degradation. Moreover, the hybrid composites show a gradual failure mode compared with non-hybrid composites. In addition, the failure modes and morphological analysis of the failed test samples were presented. Delamination, explosive failure, and fiber breakage characterize the tensile failure mode of basalt/epoxy (BE) and its hybrids. However, the glass/epoxy (GE) and carbon/epoxy (CE) show fractures in two or three sections. In addition, compressive failure, tensile failure, shear failures, delamination, and fiber breakage were detected in the flexural samples.

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Long-term salt-water durability of GNPs reinforced basalt-epoxy multiscale composites for marine applications

Cited by 30 publications

References 36 publications

A rational study on the hydrothermal aging of AFP manufactured CF/polyetherketoneketone composites with in situ consolidation supported by acoustic emission inspection

A rational study on the hydrothermal aging of AFP manufactured CF/polyetherketoneketone composites with in situ consolidation supported by acoustic emission inspection

Blending Modification of Alicyclic Resin and Bisphenol A Epoxy Resin to Enhance Salt Aging Resistance for Composite Core Rods

Effect of saltwater on the mechanical properties of basalt/carbon/glass-epoxy hybrid composites

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