Long-term risk of dementia among people with traumatic brain injury in Denmark: a population-based observational cohort study

Fann, Jesse R.; Ribe, Anette Riisgaard; Pedersen, Henrik Schou; Fenger‐Grøn, Morten; Christensen, Jakob; Benros, Michael E.; Vestergaard, Mogens

doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(18)30065-8

Cited by 252 publications

(226 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Data from a US cohort of older veterans found that even mild TBI without loss of consciousness was associated with an increased risk of dementia . In general, these investigations have observed a small but significant increase in risk of dementia with mild TBI and support a dose–response effect with increasing TBI severity . Future research, based on biomarker‐based diagnoses, is warranted to examine whether TBI specifically increases the risk of AD pathology (i.e.…”

Section: How Common Is Mild Tbi?mentioning

confidence: 95%

Head trauma in sports – clinical characteristics, epidemiology and biomarkers

et al. 2018

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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is clinically divided into a spectrum of severities, with mild TBI being the least severe form and a frequent occurrence in contact sports, such as ice hockey, American football, rugby, horse riding and boxing. Mild TBI is caused by blunt nonpenetrating head trauma that causes movement of the brain and stretching and tearing of axons, with diffuse axonal injury being a central pathogenic mechanism. Mild TBI is in principle synonymous with concussion; both have similar criteria in which the most important elements are acute alteration or loss of consciousness and/or post‐traumatic amnesia following head trauma and no apparent brain changes on standard neuroimaging. Symptoms in mild TBI are highly variable and there are no validated imaging or fluid biomarkers to determine whether or not a patient with a normal computerized tomography scan of the brain has neuronal damage. Mild TBI typically resolves within a few weeks but 10–15% of concussion patients develop postconcussive syndrome. Repetitive mild TBI, which is frequent in contact sports, is a risk factor for a complicated recovery process. This overview paper discusses the relationships between repetitive head impacts in contact sports, mild TBI and chronic neurological symptoms. What are these conditions, how common are they, how are they linked and can they be objectified using imaging or fluid‐based biomarkers? It gives an update on the current state of research on these questions with a specific focus on clinical characteristics, epidemiology and biomarkers.

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Section: How Common Is Mild Tbi?mentioning

confidence: 95%

Head trauma in sports – clinical characteristics, epidemiology and biomarkers

et al. 2018

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“…TBI is the disruption of normal brain function caused by a blow or jolt to the head or penetration of the skull by a foreign object. TBI increases the risk of dementia 168 …”

Section: Overview Of Alzheimer's Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

“…TBI increases the risk of dementia. 168 According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), approximately 2.87 million TBI-related emergency department visits, hospitalizations and deaths occurred in 2014, the latest year for which information is available. 169 The leading causes of TBI that resulted in emergency department visits were falls, being struck by an object and motor vehicle crashes.…”

Section: Traumatic Brain Injury (Tbi)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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2020 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures

2020

Alzheimer's & Dementia

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This article describes the public health impact of Alzheimer's disease (AD), including incidence and prevalence, mortality and morbidity, use and costs of care, and the overall impact on caregivers and society. The Special Report discusses the future challenges of meeting care demands for the growing number of people living with Alzheimer's dementia in the United States with a particular emphasis on primary care. By mid‐century, the number of Americans age 65 and older with Alzheimer's dementia may grow to 13.8 million. This represents a steep increase from the estimated 5.8 million Americans age 65 and older who have Alzheimer's dementia today. Official death certificates recorded 122,019 deaths from AD in 2018, the latest year for which data are available, making Alzheimer's the sixth leading cause of death in the United States and the fifth leading cause of death among Americans age 65 and older. Between 2000 and 2018, deaths resulting from stroke, HIV and heart disease decreased, whereas reported deaths from Alzheimer's increased 146.2%. In 2019, more than 16 million family members and other unpaid caregivers provided an estimated 18.6 billion hours of care to people with Alzheimer's or other dementias. This care is valued at nearly $244 billion, but its costs extend to family caregivers’ increased risk for emotional distress and negative mental and physical health outcomes. Average per‐person Medicare payments for services to beneficiaries age 65 and older with AD or other dementias are more than three times as great as payments for beneficiaries without these conditions, and Medicaid payments are more than 23 times as great. Total payments in 2020 for health care, long‐term care and hospice services for people age 65 and older with dementia are estimated to be $305 billion. As the population of Americans living with Alzheimer's dementia increases, the burden of caring for that population also increases. These challenges are exacerbated by a shortage of dementia care specialists, which places an increasing burden on primary care physicians (PCPs) to provide care for people living with dementia. Many PCPs feel underprepared and inadequately trained to handle dementia care responsibilities effectively. This report includes recommendations for maximizing quality care in the face of the shortage of specialists and training challenges in primary care.

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“…Published in the Lancet Psychiatry ,1 the study is one of the first to have a sufficient sample size and follow-up time to assess the effects of traumatic brain injury.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Traumatic brain injury raises dementia risk, large study suggests

Torjesen¹

2018

BMJ

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Long-term risk of dementia among people with traumatic brain injury in Denmark: a population-based observational cohort study

Cited by 252 publications

References 40 publications

Head trauma in sports – clinical characteristics, epidemiology and biomarkers

Head trauma in sports – clinical characteristics, epidemiology and biomarkers

2020 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures

Traumatic brain injury raises dementia risk, large study suggests

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