Long-term retention of alizarin red S marks and coded wire tags in European eels

Simon, Janek; Wickström, Håkan

doi:10.1016/j.fishres.2019.105453

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Observed marking success rates with ARS ranged from 98% to 100% between tanks and from 98% to 99% between treatments 28 to 49 days after marking in the treatments with concentrations of 150 mg ARS L −1 , fish densities ≤50 g L −1 , and bath temperatures of ≥10°C in the present study (Figure 2). Comparable marking success rates between 97.7% and 100% were observed by Simon and Wickström (2020) in three lakes 1–14 years after restocking with ARS marked glass eels. Other studies marking glass eels with ARS concentrations of 150 mg L −1 found 100% marking success in 10, 30, and 60 investigated eels, 14 days, 15 days, and 2 years after the marking event (Caraguel et al, 2015; Kullmann et al, 2018; Simon et al, 2009).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 53%

“…Other studies marking glass eels with ARS concentrations of 150 mg L −1 found 100% marking success in 10, 30, and 60 investigated eels, 14 days, 15 days, and 2 years after the marking event (Caraguel et al, 2015; Kullmann et al, 2018; Simon et al, 2009). In the present study, where 135–216 eels per experiment and marking group were investigated and in the study of Simon and Wickström (2020) where distinctly higher numbers of eels were investigated, marking success was not 100%. This shows that statistical analysis of the number of marked eels, mark retention of marks, and a conclusion of mark success rates of 100% based on the investigation of a low number of marked fishes should be evaluated with caution.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

“…OTC and ARS are suitable for easy and fast mass‐marking of glass eels and fulfill the capture–recapture assumption of the no marking‐induced effect on growth and survival of marked fish (Simon et al, 2009; Simon & Dörner, 2005). Mark retention was reported as lasting for up to 4 years in OTC‐marked glass eels (Simon & Dörner, 2014) and up to 14 years in ARS‐marked glass eels (Simon & Wickström, 2020). ARS is to be preferred over OTC for marking glass eels because ARS solutions do not foam, induce less stress, and do not oxidize over extended immersion times (Simon et al, 2009; Thomas et al, 1995) and therefore ARS has been increasingly used in the last decade.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Optimizing the mass marking of fish with alizarin red S: an example with glass eels

Simon

2024

Journal of Fish Biology

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Fish marking is an essential tool for fisheries management, especially for evaluating the stocking of endangered fish species to support conservation and sustainable use of fish stocks. Batch marking of young European eels Anguilla anguilla (L.) prior to stocking is recommended as the benefits of stocking for the spawning stock can be evaluated by recapturing marked fish over time, therefore mass marking of young eels with substances such as alizarin red S (ARS) is becoming increasingly important. To improve the marking method and reduce marking costs when immersing glass eels in an ARS solution, eight laboratory experiments under varying conditions (e.g., temperature, ARS concentration, immersion time, osmotic induction, fish density) and with ARS from different suppliers were carried out. The results show that optimal marking of glass eels can be carried out in the field or during transport by putting approximately 50 g of glass eels per liter in 150 mg L−1 ARS solution for 3 h at 10–15°C. Lower concentrations did not result in reliable marking. Water temperatures of 5°C and below can have a stunning effect on the eels and increase mortality significantly, regardless of the concentration of ARS. Glass eel densities below 50 g L−1 in the marking bath increase marking costs unnecessarily, while a higher density of 100 g L−1 resulted in significantly higher mortality and lower marking success. A somewhat more difficult but less expensive alternative is to bathe the fish in a saline solution of 1% (10 PSU) of 80 mg L−1 ARS for 3 h at 10°C. Costs can also be significantly reduced by choice of supplier for ARS, but care should be taken as the quality of the powder appears to vary (mean percentage of sufficiently marked eels ranged from 59% to 91% among suppliers in the present study) and can lead to marking failure. The optimal marking conditions can help ensure that stocked glass eels can be reliably identified in future studies to assess stocking benefits while reducing costs.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 53%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Optimizing the mass marking of fish with alizarin red S: an example with glass eels

Simon

2024

Journal of Fish Biology

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“…Otoliths should be validated to ensure that one increment represents a day of growth (Panfili et al, 2009). A common technique to validate the otolith is to mark the otolith with a chemical at two known time points and compare the number of visible increments with the number of days elapsed between events (Simon & Wickstrom, 2020). One such chemical, Alizarin Red S (ARS hereon), is frequently used to mark otoliths as it has low toxicity (Bensimon‐Brito et al, 2016) and is cost effective compared to other stains, such as oxytetracycline (Niva et al, 2005).…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Staining protocols affect use of otolith to estimate the demography of the damselfish sergeant major (Abudefduf vaigiensis)

Rigg,

Bellotto,

Fowler

et al. 2023

Journal of Fish Biology

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This study assessed the otolith (sagittae, lapilli, and asterisci) increment deposition rate in the range‐shifting damselfish, A. vaigiensis, using different concentrations of Alizain Red S and evaluated the impact of staining on increment width. Daily increment deposition was verified in all otolith types and presented clearer fluorescent markings in the lapilli and sagittae than the asterisci, with high stain concentration showing the best clarity. Higher stain concentrations were found to decrease increment width, suggesting care is needed when using stained otoliths as a proxy for growth for this species.

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“…There are 52 power stations generating more than 1 million kilowatts, and 107 power stations generating more than 300,000 kilowatts, as well as many medium and small hydropower stations that have been built or are under construction (He et al, 2011;Chu, Liu & Pan, 2019). Its plastic tags, otolith marking (Saito et al, 2020), coded wires (Simon & Wickström, 2020), fluorescent elastomer tags, visible alphanumeric plastic tags or passive integrated transponders (Hanson et al, 2020), as well as heritable genetic marks such as mitochondrial DNA, minisatellites, microsatellites, transcribed sequences, anonymous cDNA or random amplified polymorphic DNAs (Gharrett et al, 2001;Hsu et al, 2020) before release should be seriously considered. It is better to identify the hatchery of origin for fish captured in the wild during the monitoring programme, hence the suggestion of 'familyprinting' for released M. asiaticus (Letcher & King, 1999).…”

Section: Genetic Diversity Of M Asiaticus Populations In the Upper Ya...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Hatchery release programme modified the genetic diversity and population structure of wild Chinese sucker (Myxocyprinus asiaticus) in the upper Yangtze River

Song

2021

Aquatic Conservation

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The Chinese sucker (Myxocyprinus asiaticus) is an endangered and threatened fish species in China. To augment wild populations, millions of captive‐bred Chinese sucker have been released into the upper Yangtze River in recent years, with little evaluation of the genetic impact. The genetic diversity of 112 wild M. asiaticus from different reaches of the Yangtze River was examined, and the population structure among them and three artificially bred populations was determined using 12 microsatellite markers. Genetic data from the wild M. asiaticus populations before the hatchery release programme were synthesized and compared to detect fine‐scale variation in genetic structure together with spatiotemporal changes in the wild population. The results showed that the genetic diversity of wild M. asiaticus was relatively high (observed heterozygosity = 0.604–0.609, polymorphic information content = 0.442–0.496), even though a moderate decrease in total diversity was detected when compared with previous studies. M. asiaticus from the Wanzhou reaches, which showed low genetic variation before the stocking programmes, displayed the highest level of genetic diversity (observed heterozygosity = 0.609, polymorphic information content = 0.496) in this study. Insignificant differences in genetic structure among wild populations, with low genetic differentiation (Fst = 0.035–0.083), as well as close genetic relationships between wild and hatchery populations were observed. Current genetic diversity and population structure of wild M. asiaticus were strikingly different from those before the hatchery release programme, which indicated that stocking activities have altered the genetic character of the populations in the upper Yangtze River. The conservation of M. asiaticus requires legal protection for the fish and its habitat. Genetic monitoring of the wild populations and accurate evaluation of genetic divergence is imperative. In addition, the results of this study should be used to provide scientific guidance for an effective hatchery release programme for M. asiaticus.

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Long-term retention of alizarin red S marks and coded wire tags in European eels

Cited by 6 publications

References 34 publications

Optimizing the mass marking of fish with alizarin red S: an example with glass eels

Optimizing the mass marking of fish with alizarin red S: an example with glass eels

Staining protocols affect use of otolith to estimate the demography of the damselfish sergeant major (Abudefduf vaigiensis)

Hatchery release programme modified the genetic diversity and population structure of wild Chinese sucker (Myxocyprinus asiaticus) in the upper Yangtze River

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