Long-term nitrate administration increases expression of browning genes in epididymal adipose tissue of male type 2 diabetic rats

Chronic nitrate administration increases the expression the genes involved in the browning of white adipose tissue in female rats

“…The current study showed that nitrate reduces adipocyte area and increases adipocyte density in female rats. Reduced adipocyte area and increased adipocyte density have been observed in male rats with T2D after nitrate/nitrite administration for 18 days, 9 3 months, 53 and 6 months 13 in subcutaneous, inguinal, and epididymal adipose tissue, respectively. Our results indicated that this favorable effect of nitrate in the gonadal adipose tissue of normal female rats can still be observed following 9 months of nitrate administration.…”

“…The weight‐lowering effect of nitrite/nitrate is at least in part mediated by increasing the browning of the white adipose tissue (WAT) in male rats 9 . Nitrate increases the expression of the genes involved in the browning of WAT, including peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ (PPAR‐γ), PPAR‐γ coactivator 1‐α (PGC1‐α), and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in obese male rats with type 2 diabetes (T2D) 13 . Overexpression of PPAR‐γ, 14 PGC1‐α, 15 and UCP1 16 reduce the risk of obesity and T2D in rats and humans, whereas inhibition of PPAR‐γ, 17 PGC1‐α, 18 and UCP1 19 predispose to the developing obesity.…”

“…9 Nitrate increases the expression of the genes involved in the browning of WAT, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ), PPAR-γ coactivator 1-α (PGC1-α), and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in obese male rats with type 2 diabetes (T2D). 13 Overexpression of PPAR-γ, 14 PGC1-α, 15 and UCP1 16 reduce the risk of obesity and T2D in rats and humans, whereas inhibition of PPAR-γ, 17 PGC1-α, 18 and UCP1 19 predispose to the developing obesity. Despite the higher prevalence of obesity in women, 3 weight-lowering effects of inorganic nitrate/nitrite have mainly been reported in male animals.…”

Effect of oral nitrite administration on gene expression of SNARE proteins involved in insulin secretion from pancreatic islets of male type 2 diabetic rats

“…In the current study, Type 2 diabetic rats showed insulin resistance as reflected by higher serum concentrations of insulin and glucose than controls and nitrite administration restored these increased values to their near normal levels. The mechanisms by which nitrite decreases insulin resistance include insulin-independent translocation of GLUT4 to plasma membrane [ 9 ] and therefore increasing glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue [ 9 , 10 ], decreasing body weight [ 23 ], and increasing browning of white adipose tissue [ 24 ]. Through these effects, nitrite decreases circulating concentrations of both glucose and insulin and therefore insulin resistance in animal models of Type 2 diabetes.…”

Liraglutide suppresses obesity and promotes browning of white fat via miR-27b in vivo and in vitro

“…9,10 Epididymal WAT (eWAT) is part of the vWAT, which plays a crucial role in preventing metabolic syndrome including type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity. 11,12 Additionally, a previous study concluded that chitosan and chitosan oligosaccharide can induce browning of eWAT and thereby combat obesity. 13 Those findings indicated that the browning process might be an effective method for the suppression of obesity.…”