Long-Term Neuropsychiatric Disorders After Traumatic Brain Injury

Dilley, Michael; Avent, Cerian

doi:10.5772/28548

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 141 publications

(109 reference statements)

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“…Impaired flexibility can contribute to behavioural problems, emotional difficulties and provide challenges in returning to pre-injury functioning (Dilley & Avent, 2011). The impact of psychological distress after a TBI in conjunction with cognitive impairments can create challenges for recovery.…”

Section: Implications For Treatment After Tbimentioning

confidence: 98%

Cognitive and psychological flexibility after a traumatic brain injury and the implications for treatment in acceptance-based therapies: A conceptual review

Whiting

Deane

Simpson

et al. 2015

Neuropsychological Rehabilitation

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This paper provides a selective review of cognitive and psychological flexibility in the context of treatment for psychological distress after traumatic brain injury, with a focus on acceptance-based therapies. Cognitive flexibility is a component of executive function that is referred to mostly in the context of neuropsychological research and practice. Psychological flexibility, from a clinical psychology perspective, is linked to health and well-being and is an identified treatment outcome for therapies such as acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT). There are a number of overlaps between the constructs. They both manifest in the ability to change behaviour (either a thought or an action) in response to environmental change, with similarities in neural substrate and mental processes. Impairments in both show a strong association with psychopathology. People with a traumatic brain injury (TBI) often suffer impairments in their cognitive flexibility as a result of damage to areas controlling executive processes but have a positive response to therapies that promote psychological flexibility. Overall, psychological flexibility appears a more overarching construct and cognitive flexibility may be a subcomponent of it but not necessarily a pre-requisite. Further research into therapies which claim to improve psychological flexibility, such as ACT, needs to be undertaken in TBI populations in order to clarify its utility in this group.

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Section: Implications For Treatment After Tbimentioning

confidence: 98%

Cognitive and psychological flexibility after a traumatic brain injury and the implications for treatment in acceptance-based therapies: A conceptual review

Whiting

Deane

Simpson

et al. 2015

Neuropsychological Rehabilitation

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“…Impairment in olfactory functioning may often occur in patients with moderate to severe brain injury linked to frontal and temporal lobe damage [Figure 1]. [3233]…”

Section: Psychiatric Complications Of Traumatic Brain Injurymentioning

confidence: 99%

Traumatic Brain Injury and Neuropsychiatric Complications

Ahmed¹,

Venigalla²,

Mekala

et al. 2017

Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine

131

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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) occurs when a blow or jolt to the head or a penetrating injury results in damage to the brain. It is the most frequent cause of hospitalization in young people with a higher prevalence in men. TBI is the leading cause of disability and mortality between the ages 1 and 45. TBI can be caused either by the direct result of trauma or due to a complication of the primary injury. The most common etiological factors for TBI are falls, road traffic accidents, violent physical assaults, and injuries associated with athletic activities. Following TBI, significant neurologic complications may occur which include seizures, dementia, Alzheimer's disease, and cranial nerve injuries. In addition, people may suffer from various psychiatric complications such as depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and other cognitive and behavioral sequel that might significantly increase the comorbidity of the victims. Considering all of the above complications, TBI is one of the significant public health burdens. Literature has shown that only about 25% of people achieve long-term functional independence following TBI. In this paper, we focused not only on the epidemiology but also the etiology, complications following TBI and understanding their underlying pathogenesis. Further, we focused on analyzing the options to improve the treatment and rehabilitation following TBI in future.

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“…TBI is prevalent in both military personnel and civilians. 24 – 26 Hence, TBI will continue to be an issue even in peaceful times, necessitating the need for research to gain better insights into the disease. Here, we focus on neuroinflammation, which closely manifests immediately after TBI onset, and equally important, it persists in the chronic stages of the disease, making it an appealing target for understanding TBI pathology and its treatment ( Figure 1 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuroinflammatory responses to traumatic brain injury: etiology, clinical consequences, and therapeutic opportunities

Lozano

Gonzales-Portillo

Acosta

et al. 2015

NDT

262

203

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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious public health problem accounting for 1.4 million emergency room visits by US citizens each year. Although TBI has been traditionally considered an acute injury, chronic symptoms reminiscent of neurodegenerative disorders have now been recognized. These progressive neurodegenerative-like symptoms manifest as impaired motor and cognitive skills, as well as stress, anxiety, and mood affective behavioral alterations. TBI, characterized by external bumps or blows to the head exceeding the brain’s protective capacity, causes physical damage to the central nervous system with accompanying neurological dysfunctions. The primary impact results in direct neural cell loss predominantly exhibiting necrotic death, which is then followed by a wave of secondary injury cascades including excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, blood–brain barrier disruption, and inflammation. All these processes exacerbate the damage, worsen the clinical outcomes, and persist as an evolving pathological hallmark of what we now describe as chronic TBI. Neuroinflammation in the acute stage of TBI mobilizes immune cells, astrocytes, cytokines, and chemokines toward the site of injury to mount an antiinflammatory response against brain damage; however, in the chronic stage, excess activation of these inflammatory elements contributes to an “inflamed” brain microenvironment that principally contributes to secondary cell death in TBI. Modulating these inflammatory cells by changing their phenotype from proinflammatory to antiinflammatory would likely promote therapeutic effects on TBI. Because neuroinflammation occurs at acute and chronic stages after the primary insult in TBI, a treatment targeting neuroinflammation may have a wider therapeutic window for TBI. To this end, a better understanding of TBI etiology and clinical manifestations, especially the pathological presentation of chronic TBI with neuroinflammation as a major component, will advance our knowledge on inflammation-based disease mechanisms and treatments.

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Long-Term Neuropsychiatric Disorders After Traumatic Brain Injury

Cited by 11 publications

References 141 publications

Cognitive and psychological flexibility after a traumatic brain injury and the implications for treatment in acceptance-based therapies: A conceptual review

Cognitive and psychological flexibility after a traumatic brain injury and the implications for treatment in acceptance-based therapies: A conceptual review

Traumatic Brain Injury and Neuropsychiatric Complications

Neuroinflammatory responses to traumatic brain injury: etiology, clinical consequences, and therapeutic opportunities

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Long-Term Neuropsychiatric Disorders After Traumatic Brain Injury

Cited by 11 publications

References 141 publications

Cognitive and psychological flexibility after a traumatic brain injury and the implications for treatment in acceptance-based therapies: A conceptual review

Cognitive and psychological flexibility after a traumatic brain injury and the implications for treatment in acceptance-based therapies: A conceptual review

Traumatic Brain Injury and Neuropsychiatric Complications

Neuroinflammatory responses to traumatic brain injury: etiology, clinical consequences, and&nbsp;therapeutic opportunities

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Neuroinflammatory responses to traumatic brain injury: etiology, clinical consequences, and therapeutic opportunities