Long-Term Neuropsychiatric Consequences of "Ecstasy" (MDMA): A Review

Montoya, Alonso; Sorrentino, Renée; Lukas, Scott E.; Price, Bruce H.

doi:10.1080/713854311

Cited by 7 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…Ecstasy use is increasing in both countries. The frequent use of ecstasy as reported in the Australian survey and the potential adverse effects of ecstasy use, including short-and long-term neurological damage, is a growing concern [16,17]. Nearly 8500 teenagers and 20 400 young adults in their 20s in Australia reported using ecstasy on a daily or weekly basis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The US survey queried about hallucinogens, and within that category, asked specifically about use of ecstasy (MDMA), while the Australian instrument asked about ecstasy/designer drugs and gave as examples XTC, E, Ex, Ecci, E and C, Adam, MDMA, PMA and GHB. All these terms, with the exception of GHB, could be considered within the ''ecstasy'' category, and the inclusion of GHB, which has been found to have a lower prevalence of use in other studies, should not greatly influence the findings for this category of substances (in 2001, the Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN) reported 5542 mentions of MDMA and 3340 mentions of GHB in emergency department visits [16,17]). Over the years, ecstasy use has increased (Table 1).…”

Section: Ecstasymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Update: comparison of drug use in Australia and the United States as seen in the 2001 National Household Surveys

Maxwell

2003

Drug and Alcohol Review

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This paper updates an earlier article by comparing the results of the 1998 and 2001 household surveys. The Australian survey showed a significant decrease in past-year use of "any illicit drug". The methodological changes in the US surveys prevented comparison for these years, but there were increases in use of any illicit drug between 2000 and 2001. Patterns of use of marijuana, stimulants, cocaine, ecstasy, heroin and needles are shown by age group and gender. Use by teenage girls in both countries has risen to the point that they are now using alcohol and some drugs at rates similar to boys. Over 20% of teens in both countries reported binge drinking in the past month. While Australians in their 20s had the highest rates of lifetime and past-year use, in the United States, depending on the drug, lifetime use was highest among people in their 30s or 40s, with past-year use highest among teenagers. Drug treatment services are needed not only for young people, but also for aging users. The changes in perceptions of risk from use of various drugs and availability of these drugs are related to changes in prevalence rates.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ecstasymentioning

confidence: 99%

Update: comparison of drug use in Australia and the United States as seen in the 2001 National Household Surveys

Maxwell

2003

Drug and Alcohol Review

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“…Amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) refer to a group of synthetic stimulants including amphetamine, methamphetamine and phenethylamines such as MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine) and its analogues. These substances have marked central and peripheral stimulant effects upon people and prolonged use results in a series of mental and physical symptoms that include anxiety, confusion, insomnia, mood disturbances, cognitive impairments, paranoia, hallucinations and delusion (Barr et al, 2006;Baylen & Rosenberg, 2006;Greene, Kerr, & Braitberg, 2008;Montoya, Sorrentino, Lukas, & Price, 2002;Morgan, 2000).…”

Section: Description Of the Conditionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Prolonged amphetamine use may result in more severe and devastating consequences. These include a series of mental and physical symptoms such as dizziness, mood or mental changes, chronic tiredness or weakness, physiological and behavioural disorders, flushed or pale skin, malnutrition, ulcers, repetitive motor activity, loss of co-ordination and physical collapse, anxiety, confusion, insomnia, mood disturbances, cognitive impairments, paranoia, cardiac arrhythmias, toxic psychosis, amphetamine-induced psychosis, convulsions, coma and death (Baylen & Rosenberg, 2006;Greene et al, 2008;Montoya et al, 2002).…”

Section: Description Of the Conditionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive‐behavioural treatment for amphetamine‐type stimulants (ATS)‐use disorders

Harada

Tsutomi

Mori

et al. 2019

Campbell Systematic Reviews

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Background: Amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) refer to a group of synthetic stimulants including amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA) and related substances. ATS are highly addictive and prolonged use may result in a series of mental and physical symptoms including anxiety, confusion, insomnia, mood disturbances, cognitive impairments, paranoia, hallucinations and delusion.Currently there is no widely accepted treatment for ATS-use disorder. However, cognitive-behavioural treatment (CBT) is the first-choice treatment. The effectiveness of CBT for other substance-use disorders (e.g. alcohol-, opioid-and cocaine-use disorders) has been well documented and as such this basic treatment approach has been applied to the ATS-use disorder.Objectives: To investigate the efficacy of cognitive-behavioural treatment for people with ATS-use disorder for reducing ATS use compared to other types of psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy, 12-step facilitation, no intervention or treatment as usual. Search methods: We identified randomised controlled trials (RCT) and quasi-RCTs comparing CBT for ATS-use disorders with other types of psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy, 12 step facilitation or no intervention. We searched the Cochrane Drugs and Alcohol Group Specialised Register, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE via PubMed, Embase and five other databases up to July 2018. In addition, we examined reference lists of eligible studies and other systematic reviews. We contacted experts in the field. Selection criteria: Eligibility criteria consisted of RCTs and quasi-RCTs comparing CBT versus other types of interventions with adult ATS users (aged 18 years or older) diagnosed by any explicit diagnostic system. Primary outcomes included abstinence rate and other indicators of drug-using behaviours. Data collection and analysis: We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane.Main results: Only two studies met the eligibility criteria. Both studies were at low risk of selection bias and reporting bias. In one study, almost half of participants in the intervention group dropped out and this study was at high risk of attrition bias.The studies compared a single session of brief CBT or a web-based CBT to a waiting-list control (total sample size across studies of 129). Results were mixed S Y S T E M A T I C R E V I E W

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“…Numerous reviews and handbooks have been published on MDA and MDMA, the two RSAs that entered the market first (22,31,52,54,57,60,78,102,109,110,120,122,127,137). The present paper reviews the pharmacology and toxicology of MDEA, a newer member of the family.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

The Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology of 3,4‐methylenedioxy‐N‐ethyl‐amphetamine (MDEA)

Freudenmann

Spitzer

2004

CNS Drug Reviews

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This paper reviews the pharmacology and toxicology of 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine (MDEA, "eve"). MDEA is a ring-substituted amphetamine (RSA) like MDMA, its well known N-methyl analog. Both have become very popular substances of abuse in the techno-and house-music scene. They can evoke psychomotor stimulation, mild alterations of perception, sensations of closeness and a positive emotional state as well as sympathomimetic physical effects. At present, the name "ecstasy" is no longer used only for MDMA, but for the whole group of RSAs (MDA, MDMA, MDEA and MBDB) as they are chemically and pharmacologically nearly identical; moreover, many ecstasy pills contain mixtures of the RSAs. Hence, for a selective review on MDEA, it is crucial to strictly differentiate between: 1) street and chemical names, and 2) studies with or without chemically defined substances. In order to present MDEA-specific information, the pharmacodynamics and kinetics are described on the basis of MDEA challenge studies in animals and humans. In the toxicology section, we present a collection of case reports on fatalities where MDEA was toxicologically confirmed. On the question of serotonergic neurotoxicity and possible long-term consequences, however, MDEA-specific information is available from animal studies only. The neurotoxic potential of MDEA in humans is difficult to estimate, as ecstasy users do not consume pure substances. For future research, challenge studies in animals using dosing regimens adapted to human consumption patterns are needed. Such challenge studies should directly compare individual RSAs. They will represent the most viable and fruitful approach to the resolution of the highly controversial issues of serotonergic neurotoxicity and its functional consequences.

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Long-Term Neuropsychiatric Consequences of "Ecstasy" (MDMA): A Review

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

Update: comparison of drug use in Australia and the United States as seen in the 2001 National Household Surveys

Update: comparison of drug use in Australia and the United States as seen in the 2001 National Household Surveys

Cognitive‐behavioural treatment for amphetamine‐type stimulants (ATS)‐use disorders

The Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology of 3,4‐methylenedioxy‐N‐ethyl‐amphetamine (MDEA)

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