Long-term mesocosms study of the effects of ocean acidification on growth and physiology of the sea urchin Echinometra mathaei

Moulin, Laure; Grosjean, Philippe; Leblud, Julien; Batigny, Antoine; Collard, Marie; Dúbois, Philippe

doi:10.1016/j.marenvres.2014.11.009

Cited by 34 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…The two exceptions to this for sea urchins (Moulin et al, 2015;Suckling et al, 2015) demonstrated that this can take weeks or even months. As well as duration, the rate of introduction to altered conditions can be a major factor (Byrne, 2012;Munguia and Alenius, 2013).…”

Section: Physiological Acclimationmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…The few studies on R in adult sea urchins exposed to OA found either increases or no effect (Kurihara et al, 2013;Moulin et al, 2015;Stumpp et al, 2012;Suckling et al, 2015). A study of the tropical sea urchin Echinometra mathaei found no effect on respiration after long-term acclimation to moderate low pH (Moulin et al, 2015), although R measurements were not ideal for comparison because specimens were not tested individually, not fasted and wet weight was used as the normalising mass metric.…”

Section: Effects Of Ocean Acidification On Sea Urchin Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A study of the tropical sea urchin Echinometra mathaei found no effect on respiration after long-term acclimation to moderate low pH (Moulin et al, 2015), although R measurements were not ideal for comparison because specimens were not tested individually, not fasted and wet weight was used as the normalising mass metric. The Antarctic species S. neumayeri showed initial elevated R under low pH, but after long-term acclimation (2 years) no significant difference was observed (Suckling et al, 2015).…”

Section: Effects Of Ocean Acidification On Sea Urchin Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Urchins in a high CO2 world: partitioned effects of body-size, ocean warming and acidification on metabolic rate

Carey

Harianto

Byrne

2016

Journal of Experimental Biology

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Body size and temperature are the major factors explaining metabolic rate, and the additional factor of pH is a major driver at the biochemical level. These three factors have frequently been found to interact, complicating the formulation of broad models predicting metabolic rates and hence ecological functioning. In this first study of the effects of warming and ocean acidification, and their potential interaction, on metabolic rate across a broad range in body size (two to three orders of magnitude difference in body mass), we addressed the impact of climate change on the sea urchin Heliocidaris erythrogramma in context with climate projections for southeast Australia, an ocean warming hotspot. Urchins were gradually introduced to two temperatures (18 and 23°C) and two pH levels (7.5 and 8.0), at which they were maintained for 2 months. Identical experimental trials separated by several weeks validated the fact that a new physiological steady state had been reached, otherwise known as acclimation. The relationship between body size, temperature and acidification on the metabolic rate of H. erythrogramma was strikingly stable. Both stressors caused increases in metabolic rate: 20% for temperature and 19% for pH. Combined effects were additive: a 44% increase in metabolism. Body size had a highly stable relationship with metabolic rate regardless of temperature or pH. None of these diverse drivers of metabolism interacted or modulated the effects of the others, highlighting the partitioned nature of how each influences metabolic rate, and the importance of achieving a full acclimation state. Despite these increases in energetic demand there was very limited capacity for compensatory modulating of feeding rate; food consumption increased only in the very smallest specimens, and only in response to temperature, and not pH. Our data show that warming, acidification and body size all substantially affect metabolism and are highly consistent and partitioned in their effects, and for H. erythrogramma, near-future climate change will incur a substantial energetic cost.

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Section: Physiological Acclimationmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Effects Of Ocean Acidification On Sea Urchin Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Effects Of Ocean Acidification On Sea Urchin Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Urchins in a high CO2 world: partitioned effects of body-size, ocean warming and acidification on metabolic rate

Carey

Harianto

Byrne

2016

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…In laboratory experiments on Caribbean Echinometra viridis , calcification of adults strongly declined under elevated p CO 2 (Courtney et al ., ). By contrast, Echinometra mathaei from Reunion Island (Moulin et al ., , ) and Echinometra sp. E from the Red Sea (Hazan et al ., ) showed no growth or other physiological response to elevated p CO 2 in long‐term (~1 year) mesocosm studies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Echinometra sea urchins acclimatized to elevated pCO₂ at volcanic vents outperform those under present‐day pCO₂ conditions

Uthicke

Ebert

Liddy

et al. 2016

Global Change Biology

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Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations will significantly reduce ocean pH during the 21st century (ocean acidification, OA). This may hamper calcification in marine organisms such as corals and echinoderms, as shown in many laboratory-based experiments. Sea urchins are considered highly vulnerable to OA. We studied an Echinometra species on natural volcanic CO2 vents in Papua New Guinea, where they are CO2 -acclimatized and also subjected to secondary ecological changes from elevated CO2 . Near the vent site, the urchins experienced large daily variations in pH (>1 unit) and pCO2 (>2000 ppm) and average pH values (pHT 7.73) much below those expected under the most pessimistic future emission scenarios. Growth was measured over a 17-month period using tetracycline tagging of the calcareous feeding lanterns. Average-sized urchins grew more than twice as fast at the vent compared with those at an adjacent control site and assumed larger sizes at the vent compared to the control site and two other sites at another reef near-by. A small reduction in gonad weight was detected at the vents, but no differences in mortality, respiration, or degree of test calcification were detected between urchins from vent and control populations. Thus, urchins did not only persist but actually 'thrived' under extreme CO2 conditions. We suggest an ecological basis for this response: Increased algal productivity under increased pCO2 provided more food at the vent, resulting in higher growth rates. The wider implication of our observation is that laboratory studies on non-acclimatized specimens, which typically do not consider ecological changes, can lead to erroneous conclusions on responses to global change.

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“…The result that we saw here may therefore represent a typical short-term response, and exposure over longer timescales may result in different metabolic responses and different conclusions as to the overall effect of OA upon metabolic rate. In another gastropod, a 14-month acclimation to OA resulted in consistent metabolic reductions (Queirós et al, 2015), but under similarly long-term acclimation no ongoing metabolic response was observed in several echinoderms (Appelhans et al, 2014;Moulin et al, 2015;Suckling et al, 2015).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Sea HareAplysia punctata(Mollusca: Gastropoda) Can Maintain Shell Calcification under Extreme Ocean Acidification

Carey

Dupont

Sigwart

2016

The Biological Bulletin

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Abstract. Ocean acidification is expected to cause energetic constraints upon marine calcifying organisms such as molluscs and echinoderms, because of the increased costs of building or maintaining shell material in lower pH. We examined metabolic rate, shell morphometry, and calcification in the sea hare Aplysia punctata under short-term exposure (19 days) to an extreme ocean acidification scenario (pH 7.3, ϳ2800 atm pCO 2 ), along with a group held in control conditions (pH 8.1, ϳ344 atm pCO 2 ). This gastropod and its congeners are broadly distributed and locally abundant grazers, and have an internal shell that protects the internal organs. Specimens were examined for metabolic rate via closed-chamber respirometry, followed by removal and examination of the shell under confocal microscopy. Staining using calcein determined the amount of new calcification that occurred over 6 days at the end of the acclimation period. The width of new, pre-calcified shell on the distal shell margin was also quantified as a proxy for overall shell growth. Aplysia punctata showed a 30% reduction in metabolic rate under low pH, but calcification was not affected. This species is apparently able to maintain calcification rate even under extreme low pH, and even when under the energetic constraints of lower metabolism.This finding adds to the evidence that calcification is a largely autonomous process of crystallization that occurs as long as suitable haeomocoel conditions are preserved. There was, however, evidence that the accretion of new, noncalcified shell material may have been reduced, which would lead to overall reduced shell growth under longerterm exposures to low pH independent of calcification. Our findings highlight that the chief impact of ocean acidification upon the ability of marine invertebrates to maintain their shell under low pH may be energetic constraints that hinder growth of supporting structure, rather than maintenance of calcification.

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Long-term mesocosms study of the effects of ocean acidification on growth and physiology of the sea urchin Echinometra mathaei

Cited by 34 publications

References 54 publications

Urchins in a high CO2 world: partitioned effects of body-size, ocean warming and acidification on metabolic rate

Urchins in a high CO2 world: partitioned effects of body-size, ocean warming and acidification on metabolic rate

Echinometra sea urchins acclimatized to elevated pCO₂ at volcanic vents outperform those under present‐day pCO₂ conditions

Sea HareAplysia punctata(Mollusca: Gastropoda) Can Maintain Shell Calcification under Extreme Ocean Acidification

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Long-term mesocosms study of the effects of ocean acidification on growth and physiology of the sea urchin Echinometra mathaei

Cited by 34 publications

References 54 publications

Urchins in a high CO2 world: partitioned effects of body-size, ocean warming and acidification on metabolic rate

Urchins in a high CO2 world: partitioned effects of body-size, ocean warming and acidification on metabolic rate

Echinometra sea urchins acclimatized to elevated pCO2 at volcanic vents outperform those under present‐day pCO2 conditions

Sea HareAplysia punctata(Mollusca: Gastropoda) Can Maintain Shell Calcification under Extreme Ocean Acidification

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Echinometra sea urchins acclimatized to elevated pCO₂ at volcanic vents outperform those under present‐day pCO₂ conditions