Long-Term Intruding Effects of Acid Rain on Engineering Properties of Primary and Secondary Kaolinite Clays

Bakhshipour, Zeinab; Asadi, Afshin; Huat, Bujang B. K.; Sridharan, A.

doi:10.1007/s40891-016-0059-1

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(33 reference statements)

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“…The results from a study [11] showed that a low pH reduced the strength of residual sedimentary soil (SRS) and residual igneous soil (IRS) specimens and also that the strength loss continued as the fluxes of the AAR increased from 1 year to 20 years. Similar findings were also found when primary and secondary kaolinite clays were used instead (PK and SK) [12].…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 82%

“…Similar patterns were also observed in the Atterberg limits when SRS and IRS soils were used [11]. A reduction in the zeta potential of both minerals was observed as a result of the simulated acid rain, causing changes to the Atterberg limits [12].…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 69%

“…The AAR has solved calcium carbonates and broke carbonatic bonds between clay particles making the soil structure more brittle and 'loose' with increased voids [7]. Some studies [11,12] also suggested that most of the minerals might have leached out due to the effects of AAR and significantly changed the mineral structure, therefore, reducing the mechanical strength of the soil. A reduction in iron content may have occurred as the soil is retained in an acidic medium, causing the aggregate structure within the soil to collapse [13].…”

Section: Unconfined Compressive Strengthmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another study [17] also stated that 'an increase in the sensitivity ratio and in the liquid limit (LL) was detected when alluvial clay was soaked in the higher acid rain'. An article [12] reported that the Atterberg limits of PK and SK soils decreased as the pH value reduced and the infiltration period increased. Similar patterns were also observed in the Atterberg limits when SRS and IRS soils were used [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Short-Time Effects on Compressive Strength of Residual Soils Due to Rainwater

Anggraini

Isdaryanto

Illiayas

et al. 2022

J. Mater. Sci. Technol. Res.

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The short-term effects of acid rain on the geotechnical properties of residual soil were investigated. Artificial acid rain (AAR) of pH values 2, 4 and 6 was created with an infiltration setup to replicate the interaction between acid rain and soil. The soil specimens were infiltrated with AAR for durations of 30mins and 60mins for each pH level of 2, 4 and 6 and a control sample using deionised water of pH 7.5. Unconfined compression test (UCS) and Atterberg limits test were performed on the treated samples to study the mechanical behaviour and the characteristics of the soil once contaminated with AAR. The results revealed that reducing the pH value of AAR led to a reduction in compressive strength and Young’s modulus and an increment in liquid limit while the plastic limit remained unchanged. The reduction in compressive strength due to acid rain was observed to be almost halved when the bulk unit weight of the soil was increased for the same infiltration period.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 69%

Section: Unconfined Compressive Strengthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Short-Time Effects on Compressive Strength of Residual Soils Due to Rainwater

Anggraini

Isdaryanto

Illiayas

et al. 2022

J. Mater. Sci. Technol. Res.

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“…e lower the pH value of infiltration acid rain, the greater the compressibility of the soil. In addition, the shear strength decreased with the decrease of the pH value of acid rain based on physical and mechanical property tests of primary and secondary kaolin under acid rain infiltration [15]. e physical and mechanical properties test of composite fine-grained soil under acid rain showed that the unconfined compressive strength and shear strength of the composite fine-grained soil decreased with the decrease of the pH value of acid rain [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study on Hygroscopic Swelling and Dehumidification Cracking Characteristics of Expansive Soil under Acid Rain and Cyclic Drying‐Wetting

Chang

Xiao

Jiang

et al. 2021

Advances in Civil Engineering

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In this study, to reveal the swelling and cracking characteristics of expansive soil subjected to cyclic drying-wetting of acid rain, the effects of acid rain and cyclic drying-wetting on the swelling deformation of expansive soil were studied by using the load-free swelling rate test. Afterward, a high-definition digital camera was used to capture the crack development images of the sample during the dehumidification process under cyclic drying-wetting of acid rain. Furthermore, the changes of the microstructure and mineral composition of the expansive soil after cyclic drying-wetting of acid rain were analyzed by using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) tests. Finally, the effect mechanisms of acid rain and cyclic drying-wetting on the swelling deformation and crack development of the expansive soil were discussed. The results indicate that acid rain has a positive effect on the swelling deformation and crack development of the expansive soil. The effect is greater with a stronger acidity of rainfall. Moreover, the combined action of acid rain and cyclic drying-wetting can promote the swelling deformation and crack development of the sample more notably. The swelling rate of the sample increased most significantly during the first two-time cyclic drying-wetting. The measured swelling rates at pH = 3 and 5 are 23.7% and 20.6%, respectively, which are higher than the swelling rates of 19.0% at pH = 7. The humidity of samples is 17–18% after the first-time drying-wetting cycle. The crack area ratios (Mf) of the samples with pH values of 5 and 3 are, respectively, increased by 11.0% and 69.1%; the average crack width of the sample increases by 32.3% and 93.3%, respectively, compared with pH values of 7. After the fourth-time drying-wetting cycle, Mf and the average crack width of the samples under the rainwater environment of three pH values increase greatly, but the difference of Mf among them became unapparent. In addition, the microscopic test results show that acid rain can corrode the binding materials (e.g., SiO2, Al2O3, K2O, MgO, and CaO) in the expansive soil. The erosion of the binding minerals weakens the structural connection strength, resulting in continuous increases in both size and number of microvoids. Under the superimposed influence of cyclic drying-wetting, the above changes are even more dramatic. Macroscopically, the swelling deformation of expansive soil increases and the cracks develop rapidly.

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