Long Term Immune Response Produced by the SputnikV Vaccine

Abstract

SputnikV is a vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 developed by the Gamaleya National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology. The vaccine has been shown to induce both humoral and cellular immune responses, yet the mechanisms remain largely unknown. Forty SputnikV vaccinated individuals were included in this study which aimed to demonstrate the location of immunogenic domains of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein using an overlapping peptide library. Additionally, cytokines in the serum of vaccinated and convalescent COVID-19 patients were analyzed. We have found antibodies from both vaccinated and convalescent sera bind to immunogenic regions located in multiple domains of SARS-CoV-2 S protein, including Receptor Binding Domain (RBD), N-terminal Domain (NTD), Fusion Protein (FP) and Heptad Repeats (HRs). Interestingly, many peptides were recognized by immunized and convalescent serum antibodies and correspond to conserved regions in circulating variants of SARS-CoV-2. This breadth of reactivity was still evident 90 days after the first dose of the vaccine, showing that the vaccine has induced a prolonged response. As evidenced by the activation of T cells, cellular immunity strongly suggests the high potency of the SputnikV vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Antibody responses induced by Sputnik V vaccine in individuals previously infected with SARS-CoV-2

“…Overall, the data presented by Chahla RE and colleagues provide new and valuable information regarding the persistence of antibody response induced by Sputnik-V vaccination in either previously infected or uninfected individuals. This new information together with recently published data 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 not only confirm the immunogenicity of the Sputnik-V vaccine but also provides valuable information to define vaccination strategies in low-income countries, where only 6.2% of the population has received at least one dose.…”

Mix-and-Match COVID-19 Vaccinations (Heterologous Boost): A Review

“…In the analysis of cellular immune response (IFN-γ secretion upon SARS-CoV-2 glycoprotein S restimulation in culture), all participants in the vaccine group (on day 7 after dose two) had significantly higher levels of IFN-γ (median 32.77 pg/mL (QR 13.94–50.76)), compared with the day of administration of the first dose. In addition to robust cellular and humoral immunity with a good safety profile, the Sputnik V may also induce a broad antibody response with the ability to recognize a wide variety of epitopes on SARS-CoV-2 glycoprotein S, as is suggested by a study conducted by Martynova et al in 40 individuals vaccinated with the Sputnik V vaccine [ 44 , 45 ].…”

Phenotypic Changes in T and NK Cells Induced by Sputnik V Vaccination

“…The long-term potency of the Sputnik V vaccine in activating T cell immune response was reported earlier [ 20 ]. Sustained Sputnik-V-induced activation of B cell immunity and accumulation of memory B cells in a cohort of vaccinated subjects has also been demonstrated, being heavily dependent on preexisting SARS-CoV-2 infection [ 21 , 22 ].…”

“…Along with high B-cell-mediated humoral responses and T-cell-mediated IFN-γ production after Sputnik V administration, the cytokine profile among vaccinated individuals was shown to be altered. A similar alteration in COVID-19 convalescents may indicate common mechanisms of the immune response activation against an intact virus and Sputnik V vaccine [ 20 ].…”