Long-Term Forest Dynamics of the Temperate Zone

Delcourt, Paul A.; Delcourt, Hazel R.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-4740-1_10

Cited by 103 publications

(92 citation statements)

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“…In the cooler period after 5000 BP, hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) and later beech (Fagus americana) were dominant, but at about 1400 AD, beech declined and was replaced by sugar maple (Acer saccharum), oaks and eastern white pine in the Toronto region at least. Delcourt and Delcourt (1987) have mapped these trends on a continental scale, showing the gradual northward movement of various taxa in the era following the most recent deglaciation.…”

Section: Introduction and Definitionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Presettlement forest in southern Ontario: Ecosystems measured through a cultural prism

Suffling¹,

Evans²,

Perera³

2003

The Forestry Chronicle

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To better manage southern Ontario's natural forests, the former and present status of old growth must be understood. We hypothesize that old-growth pine (Pinus spp.), although dominant elsewhere, was less common in southern Ontario than popular history suggests: we are obliged to evaluate historical information that has been filtered both by the original compilers and through our own biases. Beginning around 600 AD, the predominant beech (Fagus americana) forest was partially replaced by maple (primarily Acer saccharum), oaks (Quercus spp.) and eastern white pine (P. strobus). This pine increase either followed abandonment of pre-Columbian agriculture or, more plausibly, accompanied climate cooling. Eighteenth and 19 th century European settlers encountered abundant large trees, which they hewed for square pine timber, milled timber, and tanbark. Other stands were cut and burned for agricultural clearance, with a potash by-product. Until recently, Ontario research emphasized the old-growth pine stands of central and northern Ontario to the relative exclusion of other kinds of old forest because very few southern Ontario old-growth stands remained to study. Ontario forest resource inventory data (FRI) show stands of over 150 years totalling only 1475 ha in 1978, concentrated on the Oak Ridges Moraine, the St. Lawrence Valley and the Awenda Peninsula. Red (P. resinosa) and eastern white pine stands constituted only 5.3% of the 1978 forested area, with virtually none of over 150 years, whereas eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) stands constituted 12.8%. The difficulty in finding modern old growth necessitates historical reconstruction using physical, written and graphical resources, including early survey records and trade statistics. In a case study of 1822 survey data from Darling Township (Lanark Co.) and 1960 FRI, vegetation was classified using TWINSPAN and mapped using ARC/INFO Thiessen polygons. In 1822, dominant hemlock occupied half the township but it has since been eliminated as a dominant. Conversely, there were no pine-dominated forests in 1822, but these had increased to 16% of the area by 1960. A second case used similar methods, with 1855 data for St. Edmunds and Lindsay townships (Bruce Co.) and 1981 FRI. Although logging halved the area and reduced the stature of pines in the large pinery, the elimination of dominant hemlock (originally 41% by area) is more significant. Fragmentary square timber trade data suggest that at least half the large pines in Bruce County were in St. Edmunds, so pine must have been spectacularly concentrated in a few areas. The third case, a map constructed from Gourlay's 1817-1819 survey, also demonstrates that pine-dominated areas were in the minority in southern Ontario, concentrated on sandy soils around Lakes Ontario and Erie. However, big hemlocks, beeches, maples and oaks were much more common overall. Management responses to this information should include designation of older southern Ontario forest stands (especially those never cleared since settlement) for mat...

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Section: Introduction and Definitionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Presettlement forest in southern Ontario: Ecosystems measured through a cultural prism

Suffling¹,

Evans²,

Perera³

2003

The Forestry Chronicle

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“…He also located a secondary division from the southeast up the Ottawa Valley, c o n f i i g the findings of Holst (1960). The paleo-dominance information provided by Delcourt and Delcourt (1987) from 14,000 yr BP through 12,000; 10,000 and 8,000 yr BP provides remarkable confirmation of these findings.…”

Section: The Closing Of the Pleistocene: Recovering Lost Groundmentioning

confidence: 53%

“…Palynological information on the postglacial migration and re-establishment of the forest has been exquisitely synthesized for eastern North America by Delcourt and Delcourt (1987) and for Canada by Ritchie (1987). Lijve (1959) however, from phytosociological data was the first to show that there was a separation of eastern and western components of floristic associates of white spruce.…”

Section: The Closing Of the Pleistocene: Recovering Lost Groundmentioning

confidence: 99%

The sweep of the boreal in time and space, from forest formations to genes, and implications for management

Gordon¹

1996

The Forestry Chronicle

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The ranges and ancient origins down through the Pleistocene Cet article discute de la distribution et des origines a compter of the species which make up the Boreal Forest formation are disdu Pleistocene des especes qui ont compose la forst boreale. Les cussed. Jack and lodgepole pine, white and black spruce are pins gris et tordus et les epinettes blanches et noires sont essenessentially modem; others are older.

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“…Fire has played an important role in shaping forest composition in the southern Appalachian Mountains [1,2]. Periodic low intensity fires were thought to have maintained pine and oak forests, and stand-replacing fires following logging also contributed to the establishment of firedependent species [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Experimental Prescribed Fire on White Pine Regeneration

Drews¹,

Fredericksen

2013

TOFSCIJ

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Abstract:We examined the effects of prescribed fire on white pine (Pinus strobus) advance regeneration in small experimental plots in mixed hardwood-pine forests in southwestern Virginia during the fall and spring. Fires killed all newly germinated seedlings in both spring and fall. Saplings (ranging from 0.7 -3.4 m in height) all suffered some degree of crown scorch, but sapling survival was higher on plots burned in the fall (54%) compared to those burned in the spring (20%). After one growing season following the fires, seedling density had recovered to a level similar to that of control plots for fall burns, but was still significantly lower than control plots for spring burns. After one growing season, the amount of crown mortality for saplings was reduced with increasing height and root collar diameter. Height growth of saplings after one growing season following fires was not different between burned and control plots. Fall burns may be less detrimental to white pine regeneration because of reduced mortality to saplings and by providing microsite conditions during the period of seed rain that are conducive to recover seedling regeneration.

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Long-Term Forest Dynamics of the Temperate Zone

Cited by 103 publications

References 0 publications

Presettlement forest in southern Ontario: Ecosystems measured through a cultural prism

Presettlement forest in southern Ontario: Ecosystems measured through a cultural prism

The sweep of the boreal in time and space, from forest formations to genes, and implications for management

The Effect of Experimental Prescribed Fire on White Pine Regeneration

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