Long-Term Follow-Up of Children With Retinoblastoma

Nahum, M; Gdal-On, M; Kuten, Abraham; Herzl, G; Horovitz, Yoseph; Arush, M. Weyl Ben

doi:10.1080/08880010151114769

Cited by 40 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Orbital hypoplasia (84, 85, 109–112) and orbital asymmetry (84, 85, 112) occur in retinoblastoma survivors after enucleation. Among 65 retinoblastoma survivors treated with unilateral enucleation, Osborne et al .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Systematic Review of Selected Musculoskeletal Late Effects in Survivors of Childhood Cancer

Gawade¹,

Hudson²,

Kaste³

et al. 2015

CPR

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Survivors of childhood cancer are at risk for treatment-related musculoskeletal late effects. Early detection and orthopedic intervention can help ameliorate musculoskeletal late effects and prevent subsequent complications. This systematic review summarizes the literature describing associations between cancer, its treatment, and musculoskeletal late effects. We searched PubMed and Web of Science for English language articles published between January 1970 and December 2012. The search was limited to investigations with at least 15 participants and conducted at least 2 years after completion of therapy for childhood, adolescent, or young adult cancer. Some late skeletal effects, including low bone mineral density, osteonecrosis, slipped capital femoral epiphyses, oncogenic rickets, and hormone-related growth disturbances have been previously reviewed and were excluded, as were outcomes following amputation and limb-salvage procedures. Of 2347 references identified, 30 met inclusion criteria and were retained. An additional 54 studies that met inclusion criteria were found in reference lists of retained studies. Of 84 studies, 60 focused on associations between radiotherapy, six between chemotherapy, and 18 between surgery and musculoskeletal late effects. We found that younger age, higher radiation dosage, and asymmetric or partial bone radiation volume influences the effects of radiation on the musculoskeletal system. Methotrexate and vincristine are associated with long-term muscular strength and flexibility deficits. Laminectomy and chest wall resection are associated with spinal malalignment, and enucleation is associated with orbital deformities among survivors. Radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and surgery are associated with musculoskeletal late effects independently and additively. Associations are additionally influenced by host and treatment characteristics.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Systematic Review of Selected Musculoskeletal Late Effects in Survivors of Childhood Cancer

Gawade¹,

Hudson²,

Kaste³

et al. 2015

CPR

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“…5,9,10 This highlights the necessity of continuing to assess cognitive functioning in patients with retinoblastoma as they age. Early childhood is a time of considerable cognitive growth and variability.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To date, the available studies have relied on observations of children who were several years post-treatment 5,9 or consisted of cross sectional assessments at only one point in time, 9,10 thus limiting the conclusions that can be made regarding potential change in functioning over time. Thus, the early developmental trajectory of these children, who were diagnosed and treated during infancy and toddlerhood, remains unknown.…”

Section: Journal Of Clinical Oncology O R I G I N a L R E P O R T V Omentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast, more recent reports have suggested that cognitive functioning after diagnosis and treatment of retinoblastoma is within the average to above-average range and similar to that for same-age peers. 5,9,10 Notably, there are variations in cognitive performance, particularly with regard to age at diagnosis, disease location (unilateral v bilateral), and treatment modality. 9 Children treated before the age of 3 months, those with unilateral disease, and those treated with radiation therapy at a young age performed significantly worse than their counterparts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5,9,10 Notably, there are variations in cognitive performance, particularly with regard to age at diagnosis, disease location (unilateral v bilateral), and treatment modality. 9 Children treated before the age of 3 months, those with unilateral disease, and those treated with radiation therapy at a young age performed significantly worse than their counterparts. 5 In addition, an estimated 5% to 10% of patients with retinoblastoma will have an interstitial 13q chromosomal deletion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Developmental and Adaptive Functioning in Children With Retinoblastoma: A Longitudinal Investigation

Willard

Qaddoumi

Chen

et al. 2014

JCO

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A B S T R A C T PurposeTo determine the developmental trajectory of early cognitive and adaptive skills in young children with retinoblastoma from diagnosis to 5 years of age. Patients and MethodsNinety-four patients with retinoblastoma treated according to an institutional protocol underwent serial assessments of cognitive and adaptive functioning at age 6 months and 1, 2, 3, and 5 years. Data were analyzed by treatment strata, with patients with 13q deletion analyzed separately. ResultsAt baseline, across all patients (except those with 13q deletion), developmental functioning was comparable with the normative mean, with mean scores for all strata within the average range. However, at age 5 years, developmental functioning was in the low average range and significantly below normative means. The trajectories of developmental functioning demonstrated significant decline over time, although this varied by treatment group/strata. Patients treated with enucleation only evidenced the greatest decline in cognitive functioning; significant change was not observed in patients treated with other modalities. Notable declines in parent-reported communication skills were observed in the majority of patients. Patients with 13q deletion evidenced delayed cognitive functioning at baseline, but minimal declines were observed through age 3 years. However, significant decreases in adaptive functioning were demonstrated over time for the 13q deletion subset. ConclusionThe declines in functioning observed in this study were unexpected, as was the poorer performance of the enucleation-only group. This highlights the necessity of continuing to assess cognitive functioning in patients with retinoblastoma as they age. Additional research is necessary to determine the long-term trajectory of cognitive development in this population.

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Cognitive function and social attainment in adult survivors of retinoblastoma: A report from the St. Jude Lifetime Cohort Study

Brinkman

Merchant

et al. 2014

Cancer

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Background Retinoblastoma has a 5-year survival rate exceeding 95%, yet little is known about long-term functional outcomes for these patients. Patients/Methods 69 adult survivors of retinoblastoma (33 years of age, 31 years post-diagnosis) enrolled in the St. Jude Lifetime Cohort Study completed clinical cognitive evaluations and questionnaires assessing adult social attainment. Scores on all cognitive measures were converted to z-scores (M=0, SD=1) using age-adjusted normative data. Multivariable linear regression analyses, adjusted for age at diagnosis and disease laterality, were used to examine associations between disease and treatment exposures and cognitive outcomes. Results Retinoblastoma survivors performed within normative expectations across most cognitive domains. In multivariable models, adjusted for disease laterality, survivors diagnosed <1 year of age performed significantly better on measures of short-term verbal memory (β=0.87, p<0.01), long-term verbal memory (β=0.66, p=0.02), verbal learning (β=0.67, p=0.02), and verbal reasoning abilities (β=0.79, p<0.01) compared to survivors diagnosed >1 year of age. In multivariable models, restricted to bilateral survivors and adjusted for age at diagnosis, whole brain radiation exposure was significantly associated with poorer performance on tasks of short-term verbal memory (β−0.003, p=0.03) and long-term verbal memory (β=−0.003, p=0.01). Reported social attainment was consistent with adult developmental expectations. Conclusions Adult survivors of retinoblastoma demonstrate few cognitive or social attainment deficits decades following diagnosis and treatment. Findings suggest the potential for neural reorganization following early insult to the visual system as well as vulnerability of the developing brain to low dose radiation exposure. Early intervention and rehabilitation will be important for these patients.

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Long-Term Follow-Up of Children With Retinoblastoma

Cited by 40 publications

References 28 publications

A Systematic Review of Selected Musculoskeletal Late Effects in Survivors of Childhood Cancer

A Systematic Review of Selected Musculoskeletal Late Effects in Survivors of Childhood Cancer

Developmental and Adaptive Functioning in Children With Retinoblastoma: A Longitudinal Investigation

Cognitive function and social attainment in adult survivors of retinoblastoma: A report from the St. Jude Lifetime Cohort Study

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