“…The integration of palaeoecological, archaeological and modern ecological data are becoming more common (Iriarte et al, 2020;Mayle & Iriarte, 2014). Palaeoecological and archaeological analyses performed on soil samples can successfully assess (i) the timing of the last fire(s), (ii) recurrence of fire events, (iii) signals of palm enrichment or depletion, (iv) the duration of past occupations, (v) the cultural practices of past Indigenous people and (vi) general patterns of vegetation change (De Souza et al, 2019;Heijink et al, 2020Heijink et al, , 2022Maezumi, Whitney, et al, 2018;McMichael et al, 2015;Piperno & Becker, 1996;Watling et al, 2017;Figure 4). Relatively few of these surveys, however, have been paired with field-based data on modern vegetation and estimated resilience of forests to future climate and anthropogenic change.…”