“…Being positive correlated with viral disease transmission, outdoor exposure to PM2.5 and PM10 had a tendency to increase COVID-19 incidence and mortality. These findings are supported by previous scientific studies ( Tung et al, 2021 ; Wang et al, 2022 ; Setti et al, 2020a ; Setti et al, 2020b ; Chakrabarty et al, 2021 ; Wang et al, 2021 ; Zhu et al, 2020 ; Belosi et al, 2021 ), where they found a significant correlation between the daily PM10 exceedances and COVID-19 spreading. Fig.…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 90%
“…Is well known that exposure to nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide causes respiratory symptoms and changes in airway physiology, being important contributors for associated COVID-19 comorbidities. These findings are supported by other scientific studies ( Tung et al, 2021 ; Wang et al, 2022 ; Setti et al, 2020a ; Penache and Zoran, 2019b ), where they found a significant correlation between the daily average gaseous pollutants concentrations exceedances and COVID-19 spreading.…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 87%
“…Particulate matter -PM in different size fractions (PM1 μm, PM2.5 μm, and PM10 μm) and gaseous air pollutants (ozone-O 3 , nitrogen dioxide-NO 2 , sulfur dioxide-SO 2 , carbon monoxide-CO) may have an important impact on COVID-19 disease transmission ( Marquès and Domingo, 2021 , 2022 ; Marquès et al, 2022 ; Zoran et al, 2021 , 2022 ; Domingo et al, 2020 ; López-Feldman et al, 2021 ). Due to their increased oxidative toxicity, epidemiologic studies have shown a connection between outdoor ( Shao et al, 2022 ; Xu et al, 2022 ; Ho et al, 2021 ; Bakadia et al, 2021 ; Cao et al, 2021 ; Copat et al, 2020 ; Mu et al, 2021 ; Rahimi et al, 2021 ) acute and chronic exposure ( Wang et al, 2022 ) to high levels of air pollutants in large urban areas, that are responsible for respiratory and cardiovascular morbidity and higher mortality rates ( Hvidtfeldt et al, 2021 ; Domingo and Rovira, 2020 ; Leirião et al, 2022 ; Prinz and Richter, 2022 ; Khan et al, 2019 ; Travaglio et al, 2021 ). Was demonstrated that long-term exposure to particulate matter PM10 concentrations above WHO guidelines implemented by the Directive 2008/50/EU and the US-EPA, exacerbate COVID-19 health outcomes.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Urban climate and air quality drivers are linked of heavy air pollution episodes for several days ( Pandolfi et al, 2014 ) that can be associated with events like haze, lower atmospheric inversions ( Yuan et al, 2021 ; Zoran et al, 2008 ; Baldasano, 2020 ) and transborder air pollution (Saharan dust intrusions, or other industrial pollutants) ( Salvador et al, 2021 ). Is well known that during stagnant anticyclonic air conditions, that favour accumulation at the ground level of air pollutants, outdoor exposure to high levels of air pollutants can increase the susceptibility to morbidity and mortality from respiratory infections ( Mu et al, 2021 ; Zhou et al, 2021 ; Romano et al, 2020 ; Cohen and Kupferschmidt, 2020 ; Perrone et al, 2012 ; Perrone et al, 2014 ; Wang et al, 2022 ; Wang et al, 2021 ; Coccia, 2020 ; Manoj et al, 2020 ).…”
“…Being positive correlated with viral disease transmission, outdoor exposure to PM2.5 and PM10 had a tendency to increase COVID-19 incidence and mortality. These findings are supported by previous scientific studies ( Tung et al, 2021 ; Wang et al, 2022 ; Setti et al, 2020a ; Setti et al, 2020b ; Chakrabarty et al, 2021 ; Wang et al, 2021 ; Zhu et al, 2020 ; Belosi et al, 2021 ), where they found a significant correlation between the daily PM10 exceedances and COVID-19 spreading. Fig.…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 90%
“…Is well known that exposure to nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide causes respiratory symptoms and changes in airway physiology, being important contributors for associated COVID-19 comorbidities. These findings are supported by other scientific studies ( Tung et al, 2021 ; Wang et al, 2022 ; Setti et al, 2020a ; Penache and Zoran, 2019b ), where they found a significant correlation between the daily average gaseous pollutants concentrations exceedances and COVID-19 spreading.…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 87%
“…Particulate matter -PM in different size fractions (PM1 μm, PM2.5 μm, and PM10 μm) and gaseous air pollutants (ozone-O 3 , nitrogen dioxide-NO 2 , sulfur dioxide-SO 2 , carbon monoxide-CO) may have an important impact on COVID-19 disease transmission ( Marquès and Domingo, 2021 , 2022 ; Marquès et al, 2022 ; Zoran et al, 2021 , 2022 ; Domingo et al, 2020 ; López-Feldman et al, 2021 ). Due to their increased oxidative toxicity, epidemiologic studies have shown a connection between outdoor ( Shao et al, 2022 ; Xu et al, 2022 ; Ho et al, 2021 ; Bakadia et al, 2021 ; Cao et al, 2021 ; Copat et al, 2020 ; Mu et al, 2021 ; Rahimi et al, 2021 ) acute and chronic exposure ( Wang et al, 2022 ) to high levels of air pollutants in large urban areas, that are responsible for respiratory and cardiovascular morbidity and higher mortality rates ( Hvidtfeldt et al, 2021 ; Domingo and Rovira, 2020 ; Leirião et al, 2022 ; Prinz and Richter, 2022 ; Khan et al, 2019 ; Travaglio et al, 2021 ). Was demonstrated that long-term exposure to particulate matter PM10 concentrations above WHO guidelines implemented by the Directive 2008/50/EU and the US-EPA, exacerbate COVID-19 health outcomes.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Urban climate and air quality drivers are linked of heavy air pollution episodes for several days ( Pandolfi et al, 2014 ) that can be associated with events like haze, lower atmospheric inversions ( Yuan et al, 2021 ; Zoran et al, 2008 ; Baldasano, 2020 ) and transborder air pollution (Saharan dust intrusions, or other industrial pollutants) ( Salvador et al, 2021 ). Is well known that during stagnant anticyclonic air conditions, that favour accumulation at the ground level of air pollutants, outdoor exposure to high levels of air pollutants can increase the susceptibility to morbidity and mortality from respiratory infections ( Mu et al, 2021 ; Zhou et al, 2021 ; Romano et al, 2020 ; Cohen and Kupferschmidt, 2020 ; Perrone et al, 2012 ; Perrone et al, 2014 ; Wang et al, 2022 ; Wang et al, 2021 ; Coccia, 2020 ; Manoj et al, 2020 ).…”
“…We use this approach to ensure comparability with other literature on ARIs in SSA using DHS data [ 44 , 45 , 46 ]. We also add to a growing number of studies using remote sensing data to understand the impact of air pollution on human health [ 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 ].…”
Introduction: Short-term exposures to air pollutants such as particulate matter (PM) have been associated with increased risk for symptoms of acute respiratory infections (ARIs). Less well understood is how long-term exposures to fine PM (PM2.5) might increase risk of ARIs and their symptoms. This research uses georeferenced Demographic Health Survey (DHS) data from Kenya (2014) along with a remote sensing based raster of PM2.5 concentrations to test associations between PM2.5 exposure and ARI symptoms in children for up to 12 monthly lags. Methods: Predicted PM2.5 concentrations were extracted from raster of monthly averages for latitude/longitude locations of survey clusters. These data and other environmental and demographic data were used in a logistic regression model of ARI symptoms within a distributed lag nonlinear modeling framework (DLNM) to test lag associations of PM2.5 exposure with binary presence/absence of ARI symptoms in the previous two weeks. Results: Out of 7036 children under five for whom data were available, 46.8% reported ARI symptoms in the previous two weeks. Exposure to PM2.5 within the same month and as an average for the previous 12 months was 18.31 and 22.1 µg/m3, respectively, far in excess of guidelines set by the World Health Organization. One-year average PM2.5 exposure was higher for children who experienced ARI symptoms compared with children who did not (22.4 vs. 21.8 µg/m3,p < 0.0001.) Logistic regression models using the DLNM framework indicated that while PM exposure was not significantly associated with ARI symptoms for early lags, exposure to high concentrations of PM2.5 (90th percentile) was associated with elevated odds for ARI symptoms along a gradient of lag exposure time even when controlling for age, sex, types of cooking fuels, and precipitation. Conclusions: Long-term exposure to high concentrations of PM2.5 may increase risk for acute respiratory problems in small children. However, more work should be carried out to increase capacity to accurately measure air pollutants in emerging economies such as Kenya.
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