Long-Term Exposure to Ozone and Fine Particulate Matter and Risk of Premature Coronary Artery Disease: Results from Genetics of Atherosclerotic Disease Mexican Study

Abstract

(1) Background: Epidemiological studies have identified associations between fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone exposure with cardiovascular disease; however, studies linking ambient air pollution and premature coronary artery disease (pCAD) in Latin America are non-existing. (2) Methods: Our study was a case–control analysis nested in the Genetics of Atherosclerotic Disease (GEA) Mexican study. We included 1615 participants (869 controls and 746 patients with pCAD), recruited at the Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez from June 2008 to January 2013. We defined pCAD as history of myocardial infarction, angioplasty, revascularization surgery or coronary stenosis > 50% diagnosed before age 55 in men and age 65 in women. Controls were healthy individuals without personal or family history of pCAD and with coronary artery calcification equal to zero. Hourly measurements of ozone and PM2.5 from the Atmospheric Monitoring System in Mexico City (SIMAT in Spanish; Sistema de Monitero Atmosférico de la Ciudad de México) were used to calculate annual exposure to ozone and PM2.5 in the study participants. (3) Results: Each ppb increase in ozone at 1-year, 2-year, 3-year and 5-year averages was significantly associated with increased odds (OR = 1.10; 95% CI: 1.03–1.18; OR = 1.17; 95% CI: 1.05–1.30; OR = 1.18; 95% CI: 1.05–1.33, and OR = 1.13; 95% CI: 1.04–1.23, respectively) of pCAD. We observed higher risk of pCAD for each 5 µg/m3 increase only for the 5-year average of PM2.5 exposure (OR = 2.75; 95% CI: 1.47–5.16), compared to controls. (4) Conclusions: Ozone exposure at different time points and PM2.5 exposure at 5 years were associated with increased odds of pCAD. Our results highlight the importance of reducing long-term exposure to ambient air pollution levels to reduce the burden of cardiovascular disease in Mexico City and other metropolitan areas.

Long-Term Exposure of Nitrogen Oxides Air Pollution (NO2) Impact for Coronary Artery Lesion Progression—Pilot Study

“…Chen et al [ 25 ] in their analysis found increased mortality related to PM2.5 air pollution. In the analysis of Pasada-Sanchez et al [ 26 ], ozone and PM2.5 exposure were found associated with premature coronary artery disease in metropolitan areas.…”

Integrative proteomics and metabolomics analysis of non‐observable acute effect level PM2.5 induced accumulative effects in AC16 cells

“…When we unconsciously expose to a widely spread PM 2.5 through different routes in daily life, such as inhalation, skin, and ocular transportation (Morawska et al, 2017), PM 2.5 can make hazard risks when entering the circulation system after exposure. Epidemiologic studies have shown that PM 2.5 exposure can associate with various diseases in the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, especially asthma (Liu, Pan, et al, 2019; R. Zheng et al, 2022), bronchitis (Horne et al, 2018), and coronary artery disease (Kaufman et al, 2016; Posadas‐Sanchez et al, 2022).…”

“…Epidemiologic studies have shown that PM 2.5 exposure can associate with various diseases in the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, especially asthma (Liu, Pan, et al, 2019;R. Zheng et al, 2022), bronchitis (Horne et al, 2018), and coronary artery disease (Kaufman et al, 2016;Posadas-Sanchez et al, 2022).…”