Long-term exposure of PM2.5 components on the adults' depressive symptoms in China – Evidence from a representative longitudinal nationwide cohort

Effects of PM2.5 and Its Components on Disease Severity in Patients with Schizophrenia and the Mediating Role of Thyroid Hormones

“…A large prospective cohort study from China found that long-term exposure to NH 4 + and SO 4 2− in PM 2.5 was associated with depression risk. 44 NO 3 − and SO 4 2− exposure has also been shown to increase the risk of dementia in a cohort of the elderly population in the United States. 45 In addition to long-term exposures, short-term exposure to SO 4 2− , and NO 3 − has been associated with an increased risk of psychiatric hospitalization.…”

“…Water-soluble ions are important components of PM 2.5 and have been identified in recent years by a large body of evidence as a hazardous factor in the progression of respiratory and cardiovascular disease. − However, only a handful of studies have reported on the association between these components and neurological and mental health. A large prospective cohort study from China found that long-term exposure to NH 4 + and SO 4 2– in PM 2.5 was associated with depression risk . NO 3 – and SO 4 2– exposure has also been shown to increase the risk of dementia in a cohort of the elderly population in the United States .…”

Short-Term Exposure to PM2.5 Chemical Components and Depression Outpatient Visits: A Case-Crossover Analysis in Three Chinese Cities

“…The association found between the concentrations of PM 2.5 and depression outpatient visits varied across the three cities studied, which was attributed to the regional specificity of the chemical components of PM 2.5 [ 11 ], genetic factors [ 28 ], parental depression and stressful life events [ 5 ], and socioeconomic factors [ 6 ]. In terms of the multiple major components of PM 2.5 , our study was strongly corroborated by Ju K et al, who discovered evidence of a positive correlation between long-term exposure to PM 2.5 chemical components and depression [ 11 ].…”

“…However, previous studies have proposed that the associations between PM 2.5 and depression vary across different populations and areas, which might be due to differences in the harmful components of PM 2.5 [ 11 , 12 ] , including black carbon (BC), organic matter (OM), sulfate (SO 4 2− ), nitrate (NO 3 − ), and ammonium (NH 4 + ). For example, each 1 unit increase in the BC and OM concentrations was associated with depressive symptoms and the relative risk was 1.118 (95% CI: 1.020, 1.225) and 1.134 (95% CI: 1.028, 1.252), respectively [ 11 ]. However, it is still unknown whether short-term specific PM 2.5 chemical component exposure contributes to the risk of depression.…”

Identifying the causal effects of long-term exposure to PM2.5 and ground surface ozone on individual medical costs in China—evidence from a representative longitudinal nationwide cohort

“…First, to our knowledge, it is the first to assess the effects of different types of air pollutants on individual healthcare costs over time using a large, long-term, national cohort, and corresponding causal models. Currently, the literature mainly focuses on the health impact of air pollution and lacks evidence from developing countries [37], individual-level evidence [9,38], and comparisons of different types of pollutants [39]. Moreover, most published studies do not consider causal effects [40] or the reality that a significant portion of the population may not spend healthcare costs for a long period of time.…”