Long-term evaluation of cytoarchitectonic characteristics of prefrontal cortex pyramidal neurons, following global cerebral ischemia and neuroprotective melatonin treatment, in rats

Modified Golgi-Cox method for micrometer scale sectioning of the whole mouse brain

“…2E-H) were consistent with other researchers' results using the Golgi method; these neurons included pyramidal cells in the cerebral cortex (Valverde, 1998;Rosoklija et al, 2003;Garcia-Chavez et al, 2008), pyramidal cells in the hippocampus (Valverde, 1998;Rosoklija et al, 2003;Nakamura et al, 2009) and Purkinje cells in the cerebellum (Martin, 1996;Uwe and Hakan, 1999). However, in the images, some of the neurons did not show complete morphologies; for example, the apical dendrites of some pyramidal cells did not seem to pass through the entire stratum radiatum (Fig.…”

Neuroprotection in Animal Models of Global Cerebral Ischemia

“…It has been emphasized the functional relevance of neuronal connections from the hippocampus to the prefrontal cortex for synaptogenesis and neuronal plasticity accounting for learning and memory (González-Burgos, 2009;Laroche et al, 2000). Thus, a permanent deafferentation of pyramidal neurons at cortical layer V after the extensive reduction of pyramidal neuron population of the CA1 subfield of the Ammon's horn as expected to occur after global ischemia , may lead to changes in neuronal activity, which may in turn affect the cytoarchitectural characteristics of pyramidal prefrontal cortex neurons (García-Chávez et al, 2008;Wellman & Sengelaub, 1991). These dendritic restructuring (Neigh el al., 2004;Ruan el al., 2006) and reactive synaptogenesis (Briones et al, 2005;Crepel et al, 2003;Jourdain et al, 2002, Kovalenko et al, 2006 among other phenomena including the activation of a variety of potential growth-promoting processes (Arvidsson et al, 2001;Gobbo & O´Mara, 2004;Schmidt-Kastner et al, 2001), that occur in neurons surviving to the ischemic insult in vulnerable brain structures, seem to be a part of mechanisms of adaptive changes, probably accounting for neuronal conditions favoring synaptic plasticity and functional recovery.…”

“…Methylene blue Wiklund et al, 2007. Melatonin Cervantes et al, 2008Cho et al, 1997;El-Abhar et al, 2002;García-Chávez et al, 2008;González-Burgos et al, 2007;Letechipía-Vallejo et al, 2001;Letechipía-Vallejo et al, 2007;Rennie et al, 2008;Weil et al, 2009. Other Bashkatova et al, 2001Fang et al, 2010;Gaur & Kumar, 2010;Nanri et al, 1998;Pazos et al, 1999;Sinha et al, 2001;Warner et al, 2004.…”

“…Thus, pyramidal neuron population in the Ammon´s horn of the hippocampus and in the neocortex (Bleayert et al, 1978;Colbourne & Corbett, 1994;García-Chávez et al, 2008;Hartman et al, 2005;Johansen & Diemer, 1991;Kirino, 1982;Letechipía-Vallejo et al, 2007;Moralí et al, 2011b;Pulsinelli, 1985;Schmidt-Kastner & Freund, 1991;, or different neuron types in other brain vulnerable structures (Block & Schwartz, 1998;Cervantes et al, 2002), have been evaluated through the number and proportion of surviving neurons. However, most of these studies deal with histopathological assessment of the hippocampus, the highest vulnerable brain region to global cerebral ischemia.…”

“…Different parameters of the glial reaction elicited by global cerebral ischemia have been used as indexes of brain damage or neuroprotection de Yebra et al, 2006;Duan et al, 2011;Korzhevskii et al, 2005;Piao et al, 2002;Soltys et al, 2003). Neuronal cytoarchitecture and fine structure parameters of synaptic connectivity have also been used for histopathological assessment after brain damage and neuroprotection (Briones et al, 2006;García-Chávez et al, 2008;González-Burgos et al, 2007;Johansson & Belichenko, 2002;Kovalenko et al, 2006, Moralí et al, 2011aNikonenko et al, 2009;Ruan et al, 2006).…”