Long-Term Epidemiology of Infections with Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Foy, Hjordis M.; Kenny, George E.; Cooney, Marion K.; Allan, Inez

doi:10.1093/infdis/139.6.681

Cited by 256 publications

(144 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…In the United States, alone, Mycoplasma pneumoniae accounts for 30% of all cases of pneumonia (1)(2)(3)(4). Mycoplasma disease is also associated with the exacerbation of other respiratory diseases, such as asthma (5,6).…”

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confidence: 99%

The Upper and Lower Respiratory Tracts Differ in Their Requirement of IFN-γ and IL-4 in Controlling Respiratory Mycoplasma Infection and Disease

Woolard

Hodge

Jones

et al. 2004

The Journal of Immunology

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The purpose of this study is to evaluate the significance of IFN-γ and IL-4 production in controlling mycoplasma infection and the pathogenesis of disease in the upper and lower respiratory tract. By using IFN-γ knockout and IL-4 knockout BALB/c mice, we were able to study the contribution of these cytokines in the development of pathogenesis and/or protection in response to mycoplasma respiratory infection, in both the upper and lower respiratory tracts. The loss of either IFN-γ or IL-4 does not affect disease pathogenesis or mycoplasma organism numbers in the upper respiratory tract. However, in the absence of IL-4, the nasal passages developed a compensatory immune response, characterized by higher numbers of macrophages and CD8+ T cells, which may be masking detrimental effects due to IL-4 deficiency. This is in contrast to the lower respiratory tract, where the loss of IFN-γ, but not IL-4, leads to higher mycoplasma numbers and increased disease severity. The loss of IFN-γ impacted the innate immune system’s ability to effectively clear mycoplasma, as the number of organisms was higher by day 3 postinfection. This higher organism burden most likely impacted disease pathogenesis; however, the development of Th2 cell-mediated adaptive immune response most likely contributed to lesion severity at later time points during infection. Our studies demonstrate that the upper and lower respiratory tracts are separate and distinct in their cytokine requirements for generating immunity against mycoplasma infection.

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confidence: 99%

The Upper and Lower Respiratory Tracts Differ in Their Requirement of IFN-γ and IL-4 in Controlling Respiratory Mycoplasma Infection and Disease

Woolard

Hodge

Jones

et al. 2004

The Journal of Immunology

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“…In the United States alone, Mycoplasma pneumoniae accounts for up to 30% of all cases of pneumonia and is the second leading cause of tracheobronchitis in children (1)(2)(3). Mycoplasma infection is also associated with exacerbation of other respiratory diseases, such as asthma (4,5).…”

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confidence: 99%

Depletion of CD8+ T Cells Exacerbates CD4+ Th Cell-Associated Inflammatory Lesions During Murine Mycoplasma Respiratory Disease

Jones

Tabor

Sun

et al. 2002

The Journal of Immunology

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Mycoplasma infection is a leading cause of pneumonia worldwide and can lead to other respiratory complications. A component of mycoplasma respiratory diseases is immunopathologic, suggesting that lymphocyte activation is a key event in the progression of these chronic inflammatory diseases. The present study delineates the changes in T cell populations and their activation after mycoplasma infection and determines their association with the pathogenesis of murine Mycoplasma respiratory disease, due to Mycoplasma pulmonis infection. Increases in T cell population numbers in lungs and lower respiratory lymph nodes were associated with the development of mycoplasma respiratory disease. Although both pulmonary Th and CD8+ T cells increased after mycoplasma infection, there was a preferential expansion of Th cells. Mycoplasma-specific Th2 responses were dominant in lower respiratory lymph nodes, while Th1 responses predominated in spleen. However, both mycoplasma-specific Th1 and Th2 cytokine (IL-4 and IFN-γ) responses were present in the lungs, with Th1 cell activation as a major component of the pulmonary Th cell response. Although a smaller component of the T cell response, mycoplasma-specific CD8+ T cells were also a significant component of pulmonary lymphoid responses. In vivo depletion of CD8+ T cells resulted in dramatically more severe pulmonary disease, while depletion of CD4+ T cells reduced its severity, but there was no change in mycoplasma numbers in lungs after cell depletion. Thus, mycoplasma-specific Th1 and CD8+ T cell activation in the lung plays a critical regulatory role in development of immunopathologic reactions in Mycoplasma respiratory disease.

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“…It is the most common cause of primary atypical pneumonia resistant to ␤-lactam antibiotics in older children and young adults (5,10,15). M. pneumoniae can also be associated with severe extrapulmonary complications (9,21,24).…”

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confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Four Commercial Immunoglobulin G (IgG)- and IgM-Specific Enzyme Immunoassays for Diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae Infections

Petitjean¹,

Vabret²,

Gouarin³

et al. 2002

J Clin Microbiol

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routine diagnosis. A good concordance of IgG seroprevalence in healthy adults was found between the four EIAs (66 to 70%), though this concordance was lower with EIA-Platelia (43%). In healthy children, EIA-BMD and EIA-Biotest gave a higher IgG seroprevalence than EIA-Sorin and EIA-Platelia (45% each for the former compared to 17 and 20%, respectively, for the latter). These results confirm that the IgM EIA serology test is a valuable tool for the early diagnosis of M. pneumoniae infections in children, as long as the EIA used is specific. In adults, the difficult interpretation of EIAs suggests that paired sera, combined with PCR detection on respiratory tract specimens collected on admission of patient, should be required for accurate diagnosis.Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a common respiratory pathogen responsible for mild acute respiratory infections such as sore throats, pharyngitis, and tracheobronchitis in younger children. It is the most common cause of primary atypical pneumonia resistant to ␤-lactam antibiotics in older children and young adults (5,10,15). M. pneumoniae can also be associated with severe extrapulmonary complications (9, 21, 24). The standard laboratory methods for the specific diagnosis of M. pneumoniae infection have been isolation in culture and serological methods. Culture is time-consuming and relatively insensitive. The conventional complement fixation test (CFT) using a glycolipid antigen gives unspecific reactions and lacks sensitivity (16,19). Alternative tests have recently been developed to obtain moreaccurate and prompt diagnosis: indirect enzyme immunoassay (EIA) measuring separately immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM class antibodies (8,14,27,33,35) and PCR for rapid and sensitive detection of M. pneumoniae in respiratory tract specimens (1,4,6,31,32,36). The objective of this retrospective study was to compare the performance of four commercially available EIAs for the detection of specific M. pneumoniae IgG and IgM antibodies in assessing the antibody response of suspected M. pneumoniae patients on the basis of PCR-positive results for M. pneumoniae in respiratory samples. Furthermore, we evaluated the ability of the serological tests to accurately establish an earlier serodiagnosis of M. pneumoniae infections. MATERIALS AND METHODSPatients and controls. For a 4-year period, January 1997 through December 2000, 39 patients (group I: 27 children and 12 adults), admitted to Caen's hospital with clinical features of upper or lower respiratory tract infection consistent with M. pneumoniae infection, were retrospectively selected on the basis of a specific M. pneumoniae-positive PCR in respiratory tract samples. Serum specimens and respiratory tract specimens were obtained on admission from all 39 patients. In addition, serum specimens were obtained 5 to 22 days later from 13 patients. Upon their receipt, the 52 serum samples were serologically investigated for M. pneumonia-specific IgM and IgG antibodies by the Platelia EIAs IgG and IgM (Diagnostica Pasteur Sanofi) (referred to herein...

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Long-Term Epidemiology of Infections with Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Cited by 256 publications

References 21 publications

The Upper and Lower Respiratory Tracts Differ in Their Requirement of IFN-γ and IL-4 in Controlling Respiratory Mycoplasma Infection and Disease

The Upper and Lower Respiratory Tracts Differ in Their Requirement of IFN-γ and IL-4 in Controlling Respiratory Mycoplasma Infection and Disease

Depletion of CD8+ T Cells Exacerbates CD4+ Th Cell-Associated Inflammatory Lesions During Murine Mycoplasma Respiratory Disease

Evaluation of Four Commercial Immunoglobulin G (IgG)- and IgM-Specific Enzyme Immunoassays for Diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae Infections

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