Long-Term Enteral Immunonutrition Containing Lactoferrin in Tube-Fed Bedridden Patients: Immunological and Nutritional Status

Abstract

Prem-8 did not demonstrate superiority to the control formula with respect to immunological and nutritional variables, whereas the body mass index of patients in the Prem-8 group marginally decreased. However, Prem-8 had a favorable effect on the incidence of fever in a subgroup of patients with low protein intake.

Effect of Lactoferrin Supplementation on Inflammation, Immune Function, and Prevention of Respiratory Tract Infections in Humans: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

“…In adults, inflammation (IL-6) was attenuated when Lf was administered alone in doses of 200 mg/d in pregnant and nonpregnant females with iron homeostasis disorders ( 43 , 45–47 ), although doses of only 32 mg/d given in combination with whey protein were also effective in reducing CRP, TNF-α, and IL-6 in T2D ( 55 ). Lf doses >200 mg/d, given either alone or in combination with other compounds, were effective in reducing systemic inflammation outcomes in some ( 41 ), but not all ( 35 , 40 , 48 , 53 ), trials. Doses <200 mg/d were not effective in some combinations in adults ( 57 ) and children ( 54 ).…”

“…Circulating TNF-α concentrations were measured in 3 trials, of which 2 trials (66%) reported a significant decrease and 1 trial (33%) reported no change. Decreased TNF-α was reported following bLf 250 mg/d for 180 d in healthy females ( 41 ), and WPI powder with bLf 32.4 mg/d for 3 mo in adults with T2D ( 55 ), whereas there was no difference in TNF-α following bLf 1000 mg/d for 12 wk in neurological patients ( 53 ).…”

“…The intervention duration ranged from 1 to 60 wk (median: 12 wk). The effects of bLf supplementation on systemic inflammatory biomarker outcomes were measured in 13 trials (52%) ( 35 , 40 , 41 , 43 , 45–48 , 53–55 , 57 , 59 ) ( Table 1 ), 8 trials (32%) ( 36–39 , 42 , 44 , 48 , 53 ) measured immune function outcomes ( Table 2 ), and 10 trials (40%) ( 39 , 42 , 49–54 , 56 , 58 ) reported on RTI outcomes ( Table 3 ). Airway inflammation was not measured as an outcome in any included trials.…”

“…Characteristics of the 8 studies examining the effect of Lf supplementation on peripheral immune cell populations and NK cell activity are described in Table 2 ( 36–39 , 42 , 44 , 48 , 53 ). All trials used bLf supplementation as the intervention, with intervention doses ranging from 100 mg/d to 3 g/d (median: 450 mg/d), and the intervention period ranged from 7 d to 12 mo (median: 8 wk).…”

Immunomodulatory properties of human recombinant lactoferrin in mice: Implications for therapeutic use in humans

“…18 Bovine milk-derived LF used in some clinical trials and the rhLFs expressed in yeast or transgenic plants are given orally because of the potential immunogenicity of parenteral administration. 12,13,[19][20][21] Amino acid sequence homology and sugar moiety have to be compatible with the human immune system. In fact, sugar moieties in LF play a crucial role in the interaction with the host's cell receptors.…”