Long-term effects of spinal cord transection on fast and slow rat skeletal muscle

Lieber, Richard L.; Johansson, Carina B.; Vahlsing, H. Lee; Hargens, Alan R.; Feringa, Earl R.

doi:10.1016/0014-4886(86)90041-5

Cited by 93 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…In immobilized joints, intact muscles are allowed voluntary isometric contraction and reach equilibrium rapidly, as explained by an adaptive shortening through the loss of sarcomeres. 6 Following SCI, it is well documented in humans [28][29][30][31] and animals 24,32,33 that skeletal muscles below the level of an upper motor neuron lesion undergo marked changes in their morphological, metabolic, and contractile properties. 34 Changes in spastic skeletal muscle generally include atrophy, loss of elasticity and relative increase in the connective tissue within the muscles, ingravescent accumulation of lipid, interstitial fibrosis and microcirculatory alteration.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of muscular and articular factors in the progression of contractures after spinal cord injury in rats

et al. 2005

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Study design: Experimental, controlled trial. Objectives: To identify the relationship between the muscular and articular factors in the progression of contractures after spinal cord injury (SCI). Setting: Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan. Methods: In total, 48 female Wistar rats were used. The 24 experimental rats that underwent a spinal cord transection and the other 24 control rats that underwent a sham-operation were assessed at 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, or 24 weeks postsurgery. Knee joint motion was measured for flexion and extension. Myotomy of the transarticular muscles was then performed and range of motion was measured again. The degree of contractures was assessed by goniometry measuring the femorotibial angle before and after the myotomies. Results: The spinal cord-injured rats demonstrated flaccid paralysis during the first few days postsurgery and thereafter spastic paralysis. Intra-and inter-rater reliabilities for all measurements were 40.814. Knee flexion contractures developed in the all experimental rats, and progressed for the first 12 weeks and plateaued thereafter. Both the muscular (4875%) and articular (5275%) factors contributed almost equally to the overall progression of the contracture. Conclusion: The present findings may shed light on the underlying pathophysiology of contractures and should help guide research towards finding the elucidation of contracture development after SCI.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of muscular and articular factors in the progression of contractures after spinal cord injury in rats

et al. 2005

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“…Atrophy of all paralysed muscle ®bres and a conversion from slow to fast ®bre type have been demonstrated by histochemistry after cordotomy in rats. 48 Studies have indicated that a similar change takes place after SCI in humans. 43,44,46,49 In subjects studied within the ®rst month after damage of the spinal cord an almost normal distribution of ®bres was found, whereas very high percentages of type IIB ®bres and low percentages of type I ®bres have been demonstrated in SCI subjects 9 ± 10 and 17 months, respectively after injury.…”

Section: Fibre Types Mhc Analysis On Homogenatesmentioning

confidence: 95%

Long term adaptation to electrically induced cycle training in severe spinal cord injured individuals

et al. 1997

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Spinal cord injured (SCI) individuals most often contract their injury at a young age and are deemed to a life of more or less physical inactivity. In addition to the primary implications of the SCI, severe SCI individuals are stigmatized by conditions related to their physically inactive lifestyle. It is unknown if these inactivity related conditions are potentially reversible and the aim of the present study was, therefore, to examine the e ect of exercise on SCI individuals. Ten such individuals (six with tetraplegia and four with paraplegia; age 27 ± 45 years; time since injury 3 ± 23 years) were exercise trained for 1 year using an electrically induced computerized feedback controlled cycle ergometer. They trained for up to three times a week (mean 2.3 times), 30 min on each occasion. The gluteal, hamstring and quadriceps muscles were stimulated via electrodes placed on the skin over their motor points. During the ®rst training bouts, a substantial variation in performance was seen between the subjects. A majority of them were capable of performing 30 min of exercise in the ®rst bout; however, two individuals were only able to perform a few minutes of exercise. After training for 1 year all of the subjects were able to perform 30 min of continuous training and the work output had increased from 4+1 (mean+SE) to 17+2 Kilo Joules per training bout (P50.05). The maximal oxygen uptake during electrically induced exercise increased from 1.20+0.08 litres per minute measured after a few weeks habituation to the exercise to 1.43+0.09 litres per minute after training for 1 year (P50.05).Magnetic resonance cross sectional images of the thigh were performed to estimate muscle mass and an increase of 12% (mean, P50.05) was seen in response to 1 year of training. In biopsies taken before exercise various degrees of atrophy were observed in the individual muscle ®bres, a phenomenon that was partially normalized in all subjects after training.The ®bre type distribution in skeletal muscles is known to shift towards type IIB ®bres (fast twitch, fast fatiguable, glycolytic ®bres) within the ®rst 2 years after the spinal cord injury. The muscle in the present investigation contained of 63% myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform IIB, 33% MHC isoform IIA (fast twitch, fatigue resistant) and less than 5% MHC isoform I (slow twitch) before training. A shift towards more fatigue resistant contractile proteins was found after 1 year of training. The percentage of MHC isoform IIA increased to 61% of all contractile protein and a corresponding decrease to 32% was seen in the fast fatiguable MHC isoform IIB, whereas MHC isoform I only comprised 7% of the total amount of MHC. This shift was accompanied by a doubling of the enzymatic activity of citrate synthase, as an indicator of mitochondrial oxidative capacity.It is concluded that inactivity-associated changes in exercise performance capacity and skeletal muscle occurring in SCI individuals after injury are reversible, even up to over 20 years after the injury. It follows that electricall...

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“…5 Studies in rats have reported that fibertype conversion (slow oxidative to fast oxidative) may be induced later on after Tx. 10,11 Slow-twitch fibers (type I) in the Soleus were found to progressively acquire some of the biochemical profile and contractile properties of fast-twitch fibers (type IIa or IIb) after 3 months post-SCI. In turn, P o values in late chronic Tx rats were similar to those seen in early Tx mice.…”

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confidence: 99%

Early adaptive changes in chronic paraplegic mice: a model to study rapid health degradation after spinal cord injury

2007

Spinal Cord

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Study design: Literature review. Objective: To describe quantitatively some of most important anatomic, systemic, and metabolic changes occurring soon (one month) after spinal cord trauma in mice. Setting: University Laval Medical Center. Results: Significant changes in weight, mechanical and contractile muscle properties, bone histomorphometry and biomechanics, deep-vein morphology, complete blood count, immune cell count, lipid metabolism and anabolic hormone levels were found occurring within 1 month in completely spinal cord transected (Th9/10) mice. Conclusion: These data reveal that many changes in mice and humans are comparable suggesting, in turn, that this model may be a valuable tool for neuroscientists to investigate the specific mechanisms associated with rapid health degradation post-SCI.

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Long-term effects of spinal cord transection on fast and slow rat skeletal muscle

Cited by 93 publications

References 39 publications

Comparison of muscular and articular factors in the progression of contractures after spinal cord injury in rats

Comparison of muscular and articular factors in the progression of contractures after spinal cord injury in rats

Long term adaptation to electrically induced cycle training in severe spinal cord injured individuals

Early adaptive changes in chronic paraplegic mice: a model to study rapid health degradation after spinal cord injury

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