Long-term Effect of Winter Gibberellic Acid Sprays and Auxin Applications on Crop Value of `Clausellina' Satsuma

Duarte, Amílcar; García-Luis, Amparo; Molina, Rosa Victoria; Monerri, Consuelo; Navarro, Vicente; Nebauer, Sergio G.; Sánchez-Perales, Manuel; Guardiola, J. L.

doi:10.21273/jashs.131.5.586

Cited by 15 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…No effect of year 1 yield was detected on mixed-type shoots (inflorescences containing flowers and leaves at various ratios), only on generative buds (inflorescences carrying only flowers with no leaves). Indeed, while fruit load and flowering manipulations by various means, such as defruiting, GA treatment and fall girdling, are highly effective on generative inflorescences, their effect on mixed-type shoots is not always significant [3] , [5] , [15] , [16] , [51] – [53] .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alternate Bearing in Citrus: Changes in the Expression of Flowering Control Genes and in Global Gene Expression in ON- versus OFF-Crop Trees

et al. 2012

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Alternate bearing (AB) is the process in fruit trees by which cycles of heavy yield (ON crop) one year are followed by a light yield (OFF crop) the next. Heavy yield usually reduces flowering intensity the following year. Despite its agricultural importance, how the developing crop influences the following year's return bloom and yield is not fully understood. It might be assumed that an ‘AB signal’ is generated in the fruit, or in another organ that senses fruit presence, and moves into the bud to determine its fate—flowering or vegetative growth. The bud then responds to fruit presence by altering regulatory and metabolic pathways. Determining these pathways, and when they are altered, might indicate the nature of this putative AB signal. We studied bud morphology, the expression of flowering control genes, and global gene expression in ON- and OFF-crop buds. In May, shortly after flowering and fruit set, OFF-crop buds were already significantly longer than ON-crop buds. The number of differentially expressed genes was higher in May than at the other tested time points. Processes differentially expressed between ON- and OFF-crop trees included key metabolic and regulatory pathways, such as photosynthesis and secondary metabolism. The expression of genes of trehalose metabolism and flavonoid metabolism was validated by nCounter technology, and the latter was confirmed by metabolomic analysis. Among genes induced in OFF-crop trees was one homologous to SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING-LIKE (SPL), which controls juvenile-to-adult and annual phase transitions, regulated by miR156. The expression pattern of SPL-like, miR156 and other flowering control genes suggested that fruit load affects bud fate, and therefore development and metabolism, a relatively long time before the flowering induction period. Results shed light on some of the metabolic and regulatory processes that are altered in ON and OFF buds.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alternate Bearing in Citrus: Changes in the Expression of Flowering Control Genes and in Global Gene Expression in ON- versus OFF-Crop Trees

et al. 2012

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“…These characters could be modified with the use of plant growth regulators (PGRs) if their use is permitted under national regulations as, for example, in the USA, Italy, Australia, and Chile (Ferrara et al 2015). Previous studies presented that plant growth regulators play an important role in fruit production, such as increase in berry weight of grape (Casanova et al 2009), enlargement of fruit size in grape (Xu et al 2019), apple (Muchjajib et al 2016) and mandarin (Duarte et al 2006), improving fruit set in mango (El Gammal et al 2015), reducing fruit drop in apple (Khandaker et al 2015), enhancing yield and quality of pomegranate (Adi Reddy & Manohar Prasad 2012), and delaying ripening of grapes (Ponce et al 2002). Forchlorfenuron (CPPU), a synthetic cytokinin, and gibberellic acid (GA3) are commonly applied by table grapes producers to improve berry size and firmness (Du Plessis 2008;Zoffoli et al 2009;Xu et al 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved Yield, Fruit Quality, and Shelf Life in ‘Flame Seedless’ Grapevine with Pre-Harvest Foliar Applications of Forchlorfenuron, Gibberellic Acid, and Abscisic Acid

Khalil

2020

Journal of Horticultural Research

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The effect of gibberellic acid (GA3), forchlorfenuron (CPPU), and abscisic acid (ABA) on the parameters of yield of ‘Flame Seedless’ grapes was investigated. The clusters of 8-year-old grapevines were sprayed with solutions: GA3 at 25 mg·dm−3, CPPU at 10 mg·dm−3, and ABA at 300 mg·dm−3, alone or in combinations. GA3 and CPPU treatment increased yield, cluster weight and length, berry weight and diameter, as well as fruit firmness, but reduced the total soluble solids (TSS) and intensity of berry color. Anthocyanin content of berries treated with GA3 and CPPU increased significantly by ABA treatment. Shelf life was increased by GA3 and CPPU treatments, as they decreased the percentage of weight loss, shattering, and unmarketable berries after storing at 20 °C for 7 days. Thus, it can be concluded that the combined use of GA3, CPPU, and ABA may be an efficient practice for fruit enlargement, coloration, and keeping quality in ‘Flame Seedless’ grape.

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“…Finally, the vast majority of experiments run on floral induction have shown that exogenous GA applications during the induction period reduce the quantity of flowers [85–90]. If we take into account that flowering is usually induced through stresses, such as low temperatures [91,92] or water stress [93], once again it would seem that GA has an antagonistic effect on stress hormones like ABA.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In most of the reviewed studies (Fig 8), exogenous GA applications during the induction period consistently reduced flower formation [85,87,89,90,97,98,106,102,107–111], while the application of Paclobutrazol (PBZ), a known antagonist of GA, increased the number of flowers [90,108]. As when temperature and water stress were manipulated for floral induction, GA also affected inflorescence type.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most experiments were performed on young trees (Fig 5) under very controlled conditions and with repeated GA applications. GA applications were performed at any time during the induction period with good results, even on days before flowering [85,87,89,90,97,98,106,102,107–111]. It has been suggested that this technique can be used to mitigate alternate bearing in “on” years or to merely control the constant heavy flowering of some varieties [106,112].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gibberellic acid in Citrus spp. flowering and fruiting: A systematic review

Garmendia

Beltrán

Zornoza³

et al. 2019

PLoS ONE

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BackgroundIn Citrus spp., gibberellic acid (GA) has been proposed to improve different processes related to crop cycle and yield. Accordingly, many studies have been published about how GA affects flowering and fruiting. Nevertheless, some such evidence is contradictory and the use of GA applications by farmers are still confusing and lack the expected results.PurposeThis review aims to collate, present, analyze and synthesize the most relevant empirical evidence to answer the following questions: (i) how does gibberellic acid act on flowering and fruiting of citrus trees?; (ii) why is all this knowledge sometimes not correctly used by farmers to solve yield problems relating to flowering and fruit set?MethodsAn extensive literature search to obtain a large number of records about the topic was done. Searches were done in five databases: WoS, Scopus, Google Academics, PubMed and Scielo. The search string used was "Gibberellic acid" AND "Citrus". Records were classified into 11 groups according to the development process they referred to and initial data extraction was done. Records related with flowering and fruit set were drawn, and full texts were screened. Fifty-eight full text records were selected for the final data extraction.ResultsSelected studies were published from 1959 to 2017 and were published mainly in Spain, USA, Brazil and Japan. Twelve species were studied, and Citrus sinensis, C. reticulata and C. unshiu were the principal ones. Most publications with pre-flowering treatments agreed that GA decreases flowering, while only 3 out of 18 did not observe any effect. In most of these studies, the effect on fruit set and yield was not evaluated. Studies with treatments at full bloom or some weeks later mostly reported increased fruit set. However, these increases did not imply higher yields. The results on yield were highly erratic as we found increases, decreases, no effects or variable effects.ConclusionsDespite some limitations, the action of GA related to cell division and growth, stimulating the sink ability of the organ and discouraging its abscission, has been clearly established through reviewed studies. GA applications before flowering counteract the floral induction caused by stress reducing flowering. However, on adult trees under field conditions, reducing flowering by applying GA would be difficult because it would be necessary to previously estimate the natural floral induction of trees. During flowering and fruit set, many problems may arise that limit production. Only when the problem is lack of fruit set stimulus can GA applications improve yields. However, much evidence suggests that the main factor-limiting yield would be carbohydrate availability rather than GA levels. GA applications increased fruit set (often transiently), but this increase did not mean improved yields.

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Long-term Effect of Winter Gibberellic Acid Sprays and Auxin Applications on Crop Value of `Clausellina' Satsuma

Cited by 15 publications

References 11 publications

Alternate Bearing in Citrus: Changes in the Expression of Flowering Control Genes and in Global Gene Expression in ON- versus OFF-Crop Trees

Alternate Bearing in Citrus: Changes in the Expression of Flowering Control Genes and in Global Gene Expression in ON- versus OFF-Crop Trees

Improved Yield, Fruit Quality, and Shelf Life in ‘Flame Seedless’ Grapevine with Pre-Harvest Foliar Applications of Forchlorfenuron, Gibberellic Acid, and Abscisic Acid

Gibberellic acid in Citrus spp. flowering and fruiting: A systematic review

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