“…Carbon materials are one of the key components in the air electrode and used as promising conductive supports of catalyst materials due to good electrochemical characteristics, lightweight, earth-abundant characteristics and a role as a cocatalyst for ORR. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] Many types of carbon materials, such as carbon nanotubes, 2,3 graphene, 4,5 carbon blacks, 1,6,7 and carbon nanofibers, 8,9 have been applied as electrode materials by loading electrocatalysts including metal and metal oxide nanoparticles. The carbon-containing hybrid materials have shown high activities for OER and ORR, but carbon materials are easily oxidized under OER conditions, [7][8][9] leading to the degradation of battery performance.…”