Long-term detection and identification of metandienone and stanozolol abuse in athletes by gas chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry

Schänzer, Wilhelm; Delahaut, Philippe; Geyer, Hans; Machnik, Marc; Horning, Stevan

doi:10.1016/s0378-4347(96)00187-9

Cited by 130 publications

(103 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…1). [5][6][7] Other workers have used these metabolites in an effort to improve the GC-MS 8,9 or LC-MS-MS 10 methodology for the determination of these compounds in doping control. For veterinary inspection, it was demonstrated by GC-MS and LC-MS that 16-hydroxystanozolol (16-OHStan) 11,12 and 4,16-dihydroxystanozolol (4,16-diOHStan) 12 were the major metabolites of Stan in cattle.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-laboratory study of the analysis and kinetics of stanozolol and its metabolites in treated calves†

Brabander¹,

Wasch²,

Ginkel³

et al. 1998

Analyst

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The European Union banned the use of anabolic steroids for cattle fattening in 1988. Analytical techniques able to detect trace amounts of the parent drugs and their metabolites are mandatory for the control of abuse. Stanozolol (Stan) is an anabolic steroid that is often found in injection sites and cocktails. However, it has never been detected in tissues (kidney fat, meat) or excreta (urine, faeces) taken during regulatory inspection. The difference between the structure of Stan and the other steroids (a pyrazole ring fused to the androstane ring system) is probably the cause of this phenomenon. In the multi-laboratory study described here, veal calves were treated with intramuscular doses of Stan. In the excreta of these calves the presence, absence and/or concentration of Stan and of its major metabolites 16ß-hydroxystanozolol and 3A-hydroxystanozolol were determined. For the determination of these analytes the different laboratories used different extraction and clean-up procedures and also evaluated different analytical techniques such as GC-MS (negative chemical ionization) and LC-MS-MS. The aim of this investigation was to explore which analyte should be validated for veterinary inspection purposes.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-laboratory study of the analysis and kinetics of stanozolol and its metabolites in treated calves†

Brabander¹,

Wasch²,

Ginkel³

et al. 1998

Analyst

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“…1). It has previously been reported that epimerization can lead to different metabolites through an intermediate sulfate conjugate (21,22,24,25,32,33 ). The 17␤-sulfate hydrolyzes in water to several products, including metabolites III and VI.…”

Section: 17-dimethyl-18-norandrosta-1413-trien-3-one (Metabolitementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The metabolism of methandienone, a 17␣-methylated anabolic steroid (17)(18)(19), has been thoroughly investigated in the past via administration studies (17, 20 -27 ) and in vitro experiments (2,28 ). The major metabolites reported involve epimerization at the C 17 position and hydroxylation at the 6␤ position (22,23,25 ). Also described in the literature are other metabolic pathways including further reduction of the A-ring (21 ) and hydroxylation at C 16 (24 ).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

uPA+/+-SCID Mouse with Humanized Liver as a Model for In Vivo Metabolism of Exogenous Steroids: Methandienone as a Case Study

Lootens¹,

Meuleman

Pozo³

et al. 2009

Clinical Chemistry

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Background: Adequate detection of designer steroids in the urine of athletes is still a challenge in doping control analysis and requires knowledge of steroid metabolism. In this study we investigated whether uPA+/+-SCID mice carrying functional primary human hepatocytes in their liver would provide a suitable alternative small animal model for the investigation of human steroid metabolism in vivo. Methods: A quantitative method based on liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed and validated for the urinary detection of 7 known methandienone metabolites. Application of this method to urine samples from humanized mice after methandienone administration allowed for comparison with data from in vivo human samples and with reported methandienone data from in vitro hepatocyte cultures. Results: The LC-MS/MS method validation in mouse and human urine indicated good linearity, precision, and recovery. Using this method we quantified 6 of 7 known human methandienone metabolites in the urine of chimeric mice, whereas in control nonchimeric mice we detected only 2 metabolites. These results correlated very well with methandienone metabolism in humans. In addition, we detected 4 isomers of methandienone metabolites in both human and chimeric mouse urine. One of these isomers has never been reported before. Conclusions: The results of this proof-of-concept study indicate that the human liver–uPA+/+-SCID mouse appears to be a suitable small animal model for the investigation of human-type metabolism of anabolic steroids and possibly also for other types of drugs and medications. .

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“…En diminuant la limite de détection, on augmente donc la période de détection. La détection et l'identification de la méthandiénone et du stanozolol par CPG-SMHR a permis à Schanzer et al (28) de montrer que sur 116 cas positifs, 41 l'étaient en CPG-SM et 75 en CPG-SMHR. La préparation des échan-tillons inclus une extraction sur phase solide (SPE) avec des cartouches de Cl 8 suivie d'une hydrolyse enzymatique, puis d'une extraction liquide-liquide.…”

Section: Analyses Réalisées Pour Les Humainsunclassified

Détection par GC-MS-MS dans les phanères de la prise illégale d'anabolisants stéroïdiens chez l'animal de production et chez les sportifs

et al. 2000

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Long-term detection and identification of metandienone and stanozolol abuse in athletes by gas chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry

Cited by 130 publications

References 14 publications

Multi-laboratory study of the analysis and kinetics of stanozolol and its metabolites in treated calves†

Multi-laboratory study of the analysis and kinetics of stanozolol and its metabolites in treated calves†

uPA+/+-SCID Mouse with Humanized Liver as a Model for In Vivo Metabolism of Exogenous Steroids: Methandienone as a Case Study

Détection par GC-MS-MS dans les phanères de la prise illégale d'anabolisants stéroïdiens chez l'animal de production et chez les sportifs

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