Long-term daily hydrometeorological drought indices, soil moisture, and evapotranspiration for ICOS sites

Pohl, Felix; Rakovec, Oldřich; Rebmann, Corinna; Hildebrandt, Anke; Boeing, Friedrich; Hermanns, Floris; Attinger, Sabine; Samaniego, Luis; Kumar, Rohini

doi:10.1038/s41597-023-02192-1

Cited by 15 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…However, the study is not sufficient to make a general recommendation, as the short observation period and the limitation to one site mean that the transferability to other sites and extreme events has not yet been tested. The use of a standardised drought index dataset 76 would make it possible to identify potential common patterns of extreme events in similar ecosystems in a large-scale, multi-site study.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast, the 12-month SPEI (365 days), identifies 2019 as an extreme drought year based on the aggregated water deficit. This emphasizes the importance of using standardized indices for accurately communicating and interpreting legacy effects to avoid misunderstandings about actual and lagged responses to extreme events 76 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For transparency, we state that the authors of this study are also part of the authors of the dataset. For a detailed description of the methodology used to create the drought indices, we refer to the data descriptor 76 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Observational evidence of legacy effects of the 2018 drought on a mixed deciduous forest in Germany

Pohl

Werban

Kumar

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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Forests play a major role in the global carbon cycle, and droughts have been shown to explain much of the interannual variability in the terrestrial carbon sink capacity. The quantification of drought legacy effects on ecosystem carbon fluxes is a challenging task, and research on the ecosystem scale remains sparse. In this study we investigate the delayed response of an extreme drought event on the carbon cycle in the mixed deciduous forest site ’Hohes Holz’ (DE-HoH) located in Central Germany, using the measurements taken between 2015 and 2020. Our analysis demonstrates that the extreme drought and heat event in 2018 had strong legacy effects on the carbon cycle in 2019, but not in 2020. On an annual basis, net ecosystem productivity was $$\sim 16\,\%$$ ∼ 16 % higher in 2018 ($$\sim 424\,{\hbox {g}_{\text {C}}}\hbox {m}^{-2}$$ ∼ 424 g C m - 2 ) and $$\sim 25\,\%$$ ∼ 25 % lower in 2019 ($$\sim 274\,{\hbox {g}_{\text {C}}}\hbox {m}^{-2}$$ ∼ 274 g C m - 2 ) compared to pre-drought years ($$\sim 367\,{\hbox {g}_{\text {C}}}\hbox {m}^{-2}$$ ∼ 367 g C m - 2 ). Using spline regression, we show that while current hydrometeorological conditions can explain forest productivity in 2020, they do not fully explain the decrease in productivity in 2019. Including long-term drought information in the statistical model reduces overestimation error of productivity in 2019 by nearly $$50\,\%$$ 50 % . We also found that short-term drought events have positive impacts on the carbon cycle at the beginning of the vegetation season, but negative impacts in later summer, while long-term drought events have generally negative impacts throughout the growing season. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of considering the diverse and complex impacts of extreme events on ecosystem fluxes, including the timing, temporal scale, and magnitude of the events, and the need to use consistent definitions of drought to clearly convey immediate and delayed responses.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Observational evidence of legacy effects of the 2018 drought on a mixed deciduous forest in Germany

Pohl

Werban

Kumar

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

Self Cite

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“…Reference ET, estimated based on the Hargreaves–Samani model using ERA‐5 air temperature data (daily minimum, maximum, and mean) as input (Hargreaves & Samani, 1985). The Hargreaves‐Samani model is a parsimonious option with low data demand and reasonable accuracy (Pohl et al., 2023) and was therefore chosen in this study based on previous experiments showing that different formulations of PET/ET ref could be applied with no significant impact on the simulations regarding capturing the inter‐annual variability across different European regions (Rakovec, Kumar, Mai, et al., 2016).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tradeoffs Between Temporal and Spatial Pattern Calibration and Their Impacts on Robustness and Transferability of Hydrologic Model Parameters to Ungauged Basins

Demirel,

Koch,

Rakovec

et al. 2024

Water Resources Research

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Optimization of spatially consistent parameter fields is believed to increase the robustness of parameter estimation and its transferability to ungauged basins. The current paper extends previous multi‐objective and transferability studies by exploring the value of both multi‐basin and spatial pattern calibration of distributed hydrologic models as compared to single‐basin and single‐objective model calibrations, with respect to tradeoffs, performance and transferability. The mesoscale Hydrological Model (mHM) is used across six large central European basins. Model simulations are evaluated against streamflow observations at the basin outlets and remotely sensed evapotranspiration patterns. Several model validation experiments are performed through combinations of single‐ (temporal evaluation through discharge) and multi‐objective (temporal and spatial evaluation through discharge and spatial evapotranspiration patterns) calibrations with holdout experiments saving alternating basins for model evaluation. The study shows that there are very minimal tradeoffs between spatial and temporal performance objectives and that a joint calibration of multiple basins using multiple objective functions provides the most robust estimations of parameter fields that perform better when transferred to ungauged basins. The study indicates that particularly the multi‐basin calibration approach is key for robust parametrizations, and that the addition of an objective function tailored for matching spatial patterns of ET fields alters the spatial parameter fields while significantly improving the spatial pattern performance without any tradeoffs with discharge performance. In light of model equifinality, the minimal tradeoff between spatial and temporal performance shows that adding spatial pattern evaluation to the traditional temporal evaluation of hydrological models can assist in identifying optimal parameter sets.

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“…The mHM model has been thoroughly evaluated and tested for soil moisture, evapotranspiration, runoff and total water storage anomaly across Europe [54][55][56][57] . Accordingly, the model is currently the core of the German Drought Monitor 58,59 and one of the Copernicus Climate Change Service models for seasonal predictions of soil moisture at a global scale.…”

Section: Evaluation Of Soil Moisture and River Discharge Simulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct and lagged climate change effects strongly intensified the widespread 2022 European drought

Bevacqua,

Rakovec,

Schumacher

et al. 2024

Preprint

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In 2022, Europe faced an extensive summer drought with severe socio-economic consequences. By combining observations and climate model outputs with hydrological and land-surface simulations, we show that central and southern Europe experienced the highest observed total water storage deficit since satellite observations began in 2002, likely representing the highest and most widespread soil moisture deficit in the last six decades. While precipitation deficits primarily drove the soil moisture drought, human-induced global warming contributed to over 30% of the drought intensity and its spatial extent via enhancing evaporation. We identify that 14-41% of the climate change contribution was mediated by the warming that started to dry out the soil before the hydrological year 2022, indicating the importance of considering lagged effects of climate change to avoid underestimating associated risks. Qualitatively similar effects were observed in river discharges. These results highlight that global warming effects on droughts are already underway, widespread and long-lasting, and that drought risk may escalate with further human-induced warming in the future.

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Long-term daily hydrometeorological drought indices, soil moisture, and evapotranspiration for ICOS sites

Cited by 15 publications

References 80 publications

Observational evidence of legacy effects of the 2018 drought on a mixed deciduous forest in Germany

Observational evidence of legacy effects of the 2018 drought on a mixed deciduous forest in Germany

Tradeoffs Between Temporal and Spatial Pattern Calibration and Their Impacts on Robustness and Transferability of Hydrologic Model Parameters to Ungauged Basins

Direct and lagged climate change effects strongly intensified the widespread 2022 European drought

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