Long-term consequences of non-intentional flows of substances: Modelling non-intentional flows of lead in the Dutch economic system and evaluating their environmental consequences

Elshkaki, Ayman; Voet, Ester van der; Holderbeke, Mirja Van; Timmermans, Veerle

doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2008.11.011

Cited by 18 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…They also define a dissipation index that quantifies the ratio of dissipative flows to bulk flows as a measure of resource efficiency. Elshkaki et al 81 model the nonintentional flows of lead in the Dutch economic system using a regression model approach, Sundset et al 82 illustrate the mercury flows in the European Union, and Yamasue et al 83 evaluate the potential amounts of dissipated rare metals from waste electrical and electronic equipment in Japan.…”

Section: ■ Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling Metal Stocks and Flows: A Review of Dynamic Material Flow Analysis Methods

Müller

Hilty²,

Widmer³

et al. 2014

Environ. Sci. Technol.

382

290

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Dynamic material flow analysis (MFA) is a frequently used method to assess past, present, and future stocks and flows of metals in the anthroposphere. Over the past fifteen years, dynamic MFA has contributed to increased knowledge about the quantities, qualities, and locations of metal-containing goods. This article presents a literature review of the methodologies applied in 60 dynamic MFAs of metals. The review is based on a standardized model description format, the ODD (overview, design concepts, details) protocol. We focus on giving a comprehensive overview of modeling approaches and structure them according to essential aspects, such as their treatment of material dissipation, spatial dimension of flows, or data uncertainty. The reviewed literature features similar basic modeling principles but very diverse extrapolation methods. Basic principles include the calculation of outflows of the in-use stock based on inflow or stock data and a lifetime distribution function. For extrapolating stocks and flows, authors apply constant, linear, exponential, and logistic models or approaches based on socioeconomic variables, such as regression models or the intensity-of-use hypothesis. The consideration and treatment of further aspects, such as dissipation, spatial distribution, and data uncertainty, vary significantly and highly depends on the objectives of each study.

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Section: ■ Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling Metal Stocks and Flows: A Review of Dynamic Material Flow Analysis Methods

Müller

Hilty²,

Widmer³

et al. 2014

Environ. Sci. Technol.

382

290

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…11 The low concentrations of elements in these media appear to be not recoverable by conventional processes, but the exploration of novel collection methods has been discussed in connection with the management of future urban deposits. 48 In addition, biogeochemical cycles and undesired material releases from unintentional uses of a given element in anthropogenic cycles (e.g., outflows of lead, copper, and vanadium as trace contaminants from fossil fuel combustion and from iron and steel production) 4,49,50 can influence the spatial and temporal magnitude of elemental accumulation in temporary and permanent deposits, 51 and thus the amount potentially recyclable. The characterization of biogeochemical cycles and of unintentional uses of elements is out of the scope of this study and not further analyzed here.…”

Section: Environmental Science and Technologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Lost by Design

Ciacci

Reck

Nassar

et al. 2015

Environ. Sci. Technol.

164

151

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In some common uses metals are lost by intent-copper in brake pads, zinc in tires, and germanium in retained catalyst applications being examples. In other common uses, metals are incorporated into products in ways for which no viable recycling approaches exist, examples include selenium in colored glass and vanadium in pigments. To determine quantitatively the scope of these "losses by design", we have assessed the major uses of 56 metals and metalloids, assigning each use to one of three categories: in-use dissipation, currently unrecyclable when discarded, or potentially recyclable when discarded. In-use dissipation affects fewer than a dozen elements (including mercury and arsenic), but the spectrum of elements dissipated increases rapidly if applications from which they are currently unrecyclable are considered. In many cases the resulting dissipation rates are higher than 50%. Among others, specialty metals (e.g., gallium, indium, and thallium) and some heavy rare earth elements are representative of modern technology, and their loss provides a measure of the degree of unsustainability in the contemporary use of materials and products. Even where uses are currently compatible with recycling technologies and approaches, end of life recycling rates are in most cases well below those that are potentially achievable. The outcomes of this research provide guidance in identifying product design approaches for reducing material losses so as to increase element recovery at end-of-life.

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“…The Dutch accumulated stock of Pb is estimated at 1.5 million tons [39]. Elshkaki et al [40] reported on the non-intentional flow of Pb into the Netherlands' environment associated with many activities. According to this study, metal processing accounts for the largest non-intended Pb air-emissions on par with air-emissions from intended usage (car batteries, Pb-sheet in buildings).…”

Section: Character and Potential Provenance Of The Detected Pb-rich Phase Occurrencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Screening Coarse Airborne Dust for Lead-Rich Phase Occurrence during Characterisation of Particle Mineralogy, Chemistry and Provenance: Application to Deposits in the Vicinity of an Integrated Steelworks

et al. 2021

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A method has been developed to screen large numbers (~103–104 per sample) of coarse airborne dust particles for the occurrence of Pb-rich phases, together with quantification of the particles’ mineralogy, chemistry, and inferred provenance. Using SEM-EDS spectral imaging (SI) at 15 kV, and processing with the custom software PARC, screening of individual SI pixels is performed for Pb at the concentration level of ~10% at a length-scale of ~1 µm. The issue of overlapping Pb-Mα and S-Kα signal is resolved by exploiting peak shape criteria. The general efficacy of the method is demonstrated on a set of NIST particulate dust standard reference materials (SRMs 1649b, 2580, 2584 and 2587) with variable total Pb concentrations, and applied to a set of 31 dust samples taken in the municipalities surrounding the integrated steelworks of Tata Steel in IJmuiden, the Netherlands. The total abundances of Pb-rich pixels in the samples range from none to 0.094 area % of the (total) particle surfaces. Overall, out of ca. 92k screened particles, Pb was found in six discrete Pb-phase dominated particles and, more commonly, as superficial sub-particles (sub-micron to 10 µm) adhering to coarser particles of diverse and Pb-unrelated provenance. No relationship is apparent between the samples’ Pb-rich pixel abundance and their overall composition in terms of particle provenance.

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Long-term consequences of non-intentional flows of substances: Modelling non-intentional flows of lead in the Dutch economic system and evaluating their environmental consequences

Cited by 18 publications

References 24 publications

Modeling Metal Stocks and Flows: A Review of Dynamic Material Flow Analysis Methods

Modeling Metal Stocks and Flows: A Review of Dynamic Material Flow Analysis Methods

Lost by Design

Screening Coarse Airborne Dust for Lead-Rich Phase Occurrence during Characterisation of Particle Mineralogy, Chemistry and Provenance: Application to Deposits in the Vicinity of an Integrated Steelworks

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