Long-Term Coffee Consumption and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease

Abstract

Background Considerable controversy exists regarding the association between coffee consumption and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. A meta-analysis was performed to assess the dose-response relationship of long-term coffee consumption with CVD risk. Methods and Results Pubmed and EMBASE were searched for prospective cohort studies of the relationship between coffee consumption and CVD risk, which included coronary heart disease, stroke, heart failure, and CVD mortality. Thirty-six studies were included with 1,279,804 participants and 36,352 CVD cases. A non-linear relationship of coffee consumption with CVD risk was identified (P for heterogeneity = 0.09, P for trend < 0.001, P for non-linearity < 0.001). Compared with the lowest category of coffee consumption (median: 0 cups/d), the relative risk of CVD was 0.95 (95% CI, 0.87 to 1.03) for the highest (median: 5 cups/d) category, 0.85 (0.80 to 0.90) for the second highest (median: 3.5 cups/d), and 0.89 (0.84 to 0.94) for the third highest category (median: 1.5 cups/d). Looking at separate outcomes, coffee consumption was non-linearly associated with both CHD (P for heterogeneity = 0.001, P for trend < 0.001, P for non-linearity < 0.001) and stroke risks (P for heterogeneity = 0.07, P for trend < 0.001, P for non-linearity< 0.001) (P for trend differences > 0.05). Conclusions A non-linear association between coffee consumption with CVD risk was observed in this meta-analysis. Moderate coffee consumption was inversely significantly associated with CVD risk, with the lowest CVD risk at 3 to 5 cups/d, and heavy coffee consumption was not associated with elevated CVD risk.

Dose–Response Relationship Between Physical Activity and Risk of Heart Failure

“…This method is well described in the literature for meta-analyses of epidemiological studies having multiple risk estimates per study and accounts for appropriate variance-covariance relationships between and within studies. [33][34][35] This model uses the multiple data points November 10, 2015…”

“…25 Previous studies have used a dose-response meta-analysis of epidemiological studies to better understand the quantitative association between lifestyle risk factors such as coffee intake, dietary patterns, and cardiovascular outcomes. [33][34][35] In the present study, we have used a similar approach and performed a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies to determine the categorical and quantitative dose-response association between PA and risk of HF. We hypothesized that there would be an inverse dose-dependent association between PA and risk of HF.…”

Associations of Coffee Drinking with Systemic Immune and Inflammatory Markers

“…Prospective cohort studies, which are less prone to selection bias and recall bias, have largely failed to reproduce these findings (41). In contrast, the more recent epidemiologic evidence suggests inverse associations with cardiovascular disease (41), total and cardiovascular disease mortality (2–4) as well as type 2 diabetes (10), Parkinson’s disease (42), chronic liver disease (11), and certain cancers (5, 6, 8). One hypothesis, which may explain the numerous associations of coffee drinking with health outcomes, is that constituents of coffee, such as polyphenols, have immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties (22).…”

Consumption of berries, fruits and vegetables and mortality among 10,000 Norwegian men followed for four decades

“…In the adjusted models, estimates were adjusted for coffee, beer and spirit consumption (continuous, times per months), BMI (\18.5, C18.5-\25.0, C25.0-\30.0 and C30.0), exercise (none, light, modest and high; as recorded in the questionnaire), smoking (never, former, current and current sometimes; including cigarette, cigar and pipe smoking) and socio-economic status (professional, administration, agricultural, industrial and other), as these risk factors have been associated with all-cause mortality and cause-specific mortality due to cancer and CVD in other studies [3,[22][23][24]. In preliminary analyses, we also adjusted for meat intake, but did not included it in further analyses as the effect on the risk estimates was minor.…”