Long-term clinical performance of heat-cured high-viscosity glass ionomer class II restorations versus resin-based composites in primary molars: a randomized comparison trial

Use of sonic waves in bubble formation, microhardness and fluoride release of a high‐viscosity glass‐ionomer cement

“…Currently, HV‐GIC present better performance and are more appropriate for ART, because they have clinical results comparable with composite resin and amalgam restorations. However, their high viscosity makes the handling of the material more difficult, making it more likely for bubbles to form inside it, which can result in failures.…”

“…However, their high viscosity makes the handling of the material more difficult, making it more likely for bubbles to form inside it, which can result in failures. Different measures including the use of heat or ultrasound have been proposed to optimize the mechanical properties of this material . However, ultrasound and its heat production can cause changes in the tooth structures, requiring more attention and research .…”

“…However, the lack of improvement in mechanical properties of UG, as with this current study, followed by the increased temperature that this device causes inside the GIC, challenges the clinical significance of this operative technique . On the other hand, the use of heat resulted in survival of GIC restorations similar to the composite ones, however, with a greater incidence of proximal walls of restorations, suggesting that longer thermo‐curing is needed …”

“…However, it is known that ultrasound waves can lead to changes in the tooth structures close to it due to heat, the cavitation activity or the acoustic stream . Heat is also directly used for thermo‐curing of the GIC . The temperature produces rearrangement of the molecules in the material providing improved adhesion to tooth tissues .…”

“…10 Heat is also directly used for thermo-curing of the GIC. 11 The temperature produces rearrangement of the molecules in the material providing improved adhesion to tooth tissues. 12 However, prolonged time of curing is necessary.…”