Long‐term cardiovascular burden in prostate cancer patients receiving androgen deprivation therapy

Long‐term prognostic impact of cardiovascular comorbidities in patients with prostate cancer receiving androgen deprivation therapy: A population‐based competing risk analysis

“…Nonetheless, ADT is unlikely to be used for nonadvanced disease. 16,17 Additionally, we attempted to mitigate this by using prescription of ARSI or chemotherapy as a surrogate for metastatic disease 14,16,17,22 and performing a subgroup analysis accordingly. The results appeared qualitatively similar for most risk groups with all CIs showing substantial overlaps, supporting that the associations were likely to be independent of whether the PCa is metastatic or not.…”

“…This cohort has been published earlier. 14 The following baseline characteristics were recorded: age, type of androgen deprivation therapy, comorbidities (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, chronic kidney disease, chronic liver disease, stroke, myocardial infarction (MI), heart failure (HF) and arrhythmias (atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation)) and use of medications or prior procedures (radiotherapy, chemotherapy, radical prostatectomy, androgen receptor signaling inhibitor [ARSI], dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, metformin, sulphonylurea, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, insulin, antiplatelet, anticoagulant and corticosteroid).…”

“…We focused on prior history of HF, MI, stroke and arrhythmia as the major cardiovascular comorbidities of interest. These comorbidities were chosen among broader cardiometabolic conditions, such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus, as (a) we had shown that these accounted for >75% of cardiovascular hospitalizations in patients with PCa receiving ADT, 14 (b) they are clinically more severe conditions that are likely to lead to substantially worse morbidity and (c) the inclusion of broader cardiometabolic comorbidities would have created too many combinations of comorbidities with limited sample sizes, preventing any meaningful analysis. Patients were categorized into the following groups by the presence of these major cardiovascular comorbidities for comparisons: none of HF/MI/stroke/arrhythmia, HF only, MI only, stroke only, arrhythmia only and ≥2 of HF/MI/ stroke/arrhythmia.…”

“…Noncardiovascular mortality constituted a competing event for the primary outcome. As Kaplan-Meier curves over-estimate cumulative incidences in the presence of competing events, 14,15 the causespecific cumulative incidence of the primary endpoint was estimated and visualized using the Aalen-Johansen estimator. 14,15 The 3-, 5-and 10-year cause-specific cumulative incidences were estimated for each group (none of HF/MI/stroke/arrhythmia, HF only, MI only, stroke only, arrhythmia only and at least two of HF/MI/stroke/arrhythmia).…”

Risk of diabetes mellitus among users of immune checkpoint inhibitors: A population‐based cohort study

“…The cause‐specific cumulative incidence of new‐onset DM was modeled and visualized using the Aalen–Johansen method, with consideration of mortality as competing event. 26 , 27 The Aalen–Johansen method was used instead of the Kaplan–Meier method, as the latter is known to over‐estimate cumulative incidences in the presence of competing risks. 28 Univariable Cox regression with IPTW was used to compare treatment groups, with hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence interval as summary statistics.…”