Long-term C-14 source term for a high-level waste repository

Study of barytocalcite as a conditioning matrix for carbon 14: Comparison of several synthesis routes

“…The management of 14 C as a volatile element resulting from different sources such as the reprocessing of PWR (Pressurized Water Reactor) or HTR (High Temperature Reactor) spent nuclear fuel [1,2], the repository of waste packages [3][4][5] or the incineration of contaminated graphite from UNGG (Uranium Naturel Graphite Gaz) or Magnox (Magnesium Oxide) [6] reactors is a repeated topic of interest. Since 14 C is a beta emitter with a half life of 5740 years and is easily incorporable and highly mobile in natural cycles [7], its immobilization in durable matrices has been widely studied.…”

Risk assessment of uniform and localized corrosion of alloy 22

“…The pit opening size was determined to be between 10 Ϫ4 and 10 Ϫ1 cm, and the pit density between 10 Ϫ1 and 10 2 per cm 2 of the WP surface area for various alloys and environmental conditions. [13] An example of the density and the size of pits from generic potentiodynamic tests is shown in Figure 3. The resulting fraction of the exposed surface area is in the range of 10 Ϫ9 to 1 determined by combining pit size and pit density, which is the parameter changed in the Code.…”

Dry oxidation and fracture of LWR spent fuels

“…C-14 releases have been separately analyzed and modeled during SF oxidation in dry environments (Ahn, 1994). For details on this C-14 behavior, the reader is referred to k ' m (1994) and related papers such as those by Codell (1993) or Van Konynenburg (1994).…”