Long-term and combined effects of N-[2-(nitrooxy)ethyl]-3-pyridinecarboxamide and fumaric acid on methane production, rumen fermentation, and lactation performance in dairy goats

Abstract

Background In recent years, nitrooxy compounds have been identified as promising inhibitors of methanogenesis in ruminants. However, when animals receive a nitrooxy compound, a high portion of the spared hydrogen is eructated as gas, which partly offsets the energy savings of CH4 mitigation. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the long-term and combined effects of supplementation with N-[2-(nitrooxy)ethyl]-3-pyridinecarboxamide (NPD), a methanogenesis inhibitor, and fumaric acid (FUM), a hydrogen sink, on enteric CH4 production, rumen fermentation, bacterial populations, apparent nutrient digestibility, and lactation performance of dairy goats. Results Twenty-four primiparous dairy goats were used in a randomized complete block design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments: supplementation without or with FUM (32 g/d) or NPD (0.5 g/d). All samples were collected every 3 weeks during a 12-week feeding experiment. Both FUM and NPD supplementation persistently inhibited CH4 yield (L/kg DMI, by 18.8% and 18.1%, respectively) without negative influence on DMI or apparent nutrient digestibility. When supplemented in combination, no additive CH4 suppression was observed. FUM showed greater responses in increasing the molar proportion of propionate when supplemented with NPD than supplemented alone (by 10.2% vs. 4.4%). The rumen microbiota structure in the animals receiving FUM was different from that of the other animals, particularly changed the structure of phylum Firmicutes. Daily milk production and serum total antioxidant capacity were improved by NPD, but the contents of milk fat and protein were decreased, probably due to the bioactivity of absorbed NPD on body metabolism. Conclusions Supplementing NPD and FUM in combination is a promising way to persistently inhibit CH4 emissions with a higher rumen propionate proportion. However, the side effects of this nitrooxy compound on animals and its residues in animal products need further evaluation before it can be used as an animal feed additive.

Ruminal Bacterial Community Successions in Response to Monensin Supplementation in Goats

“…However, its use is facing decreased levels of social acceptance due to the potential impacts on public health [ 6 , 7 ] and has been banned in the European Union and limited in China. Recently, many works have been conducted to search for potential alternatives for monensin [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ].…”

Supplementation with antioxidants and phenolic compounds in ruminant feeding and its effect on dairy products: a systematic review

“…Some studies also reported the progeny of the animals such as primiparous (Safari et al ., 2018; Li et al ., 2021) and multiparous (Hausmann et al ., 2018; Safari et al ., 2018; Li et al ., 2021; Wang et al ., 2021) and included the period of lactation (Ianni et al ., 2019, 2021; Bonanno et al ., 2019b; Mapato et al ., 2021; Menci et al ., 2021) or specified mid-lactation (Scuderi et al ., 2019; Simitzis et al ., 2019). Design of the studies included randomized (Cais-Sokolińska et al ., 2015; Hausmann et al ., 2018; Safari et al ., 2018; Ianni et al ., 2019; Bonanno et al ., 2019a; Walkenhorst et al ., 2020; Li et al ., 2021; Wang et al ., 2021), stratified (Scuderi et al ., 2019; Walkenhorst et al ., 2020), allocated (Delgadillo-Puga et al ., 2019; Simitzis et al ., 2019) and 4 × 4 Latin square design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement (Mapato et al ., 2021). Dairy products evaluated in different studies included kefir (Cais-Sokolińska et al ., 2015), milk (all other papers) and, additionally, cheese (Ianni et al ., 2019; Bonanno et al ., 2019a, 2019b; Menci et al ., 2021).…”

“…There were studies whose interventions were based on food components like durum wheat bran (Bonanno et al ., 2019b), grape pomace or marc (Ianni et al ., 2019; Scuderi et al ., 2019) and mushroom myceliated grains (Bonanno et al ., 2019a). Intervention with isolated bioactive compounds included plant bioactive lipid compounds plus biotin and monensin (Hausmann et al ., 2018), hesperidin or naringin or α-tocopheryl acetate (Simitzis et al ., 2019), tannin extract (Menci et al ., 2021), and finally N-[2-(nitrooxy) ethyl]-3-pyridinecarboxamide combined with fumaric acid (Li et al ., 2021). The main beneficial effects of the dairy interventions are summarized in Table 1.…”

“…Six studies investigated the impact of dietary intervention on the fat content of milk. Supplementation with plant bioactive lipid compounds and biotin (PBLC + B: Hausmann et al , 2018), fumaric acid (FUM: Li et al , 2021), rice straw and sweet grass (Mapato et al ., 2021) all promoted an increase in milk fat concentration. It has been reported that cattle diets have an important role in properties such as milk fat composition (Chen et al ., 2017), particularly grass feeding and grazing, which promote higher levels of PUFA in comparison with concentrate (Mohan et al ., 2021).…”

Metagenomic Analysis of in Vitro Ruminal Fermentation Reveals the Role of the Copresent Microbiome in Plant Biomass Degradation

“…4 Supernatants were separated from samples for testing SCFA concentrations, and the pellets were used for metagenomic shotgun sequencing. The SCFA concentrations in the fermentation broth were analyzed according to the procedures of Li et al 14 In short, 1 mL of 25% metabolic acid was added to 5 mL of fermentation broth sample, and the mixture was centrifuged for 15 min at 13000g at 4 °C. Then, the supernatant was collected and mixed with 200 μL of crotonic acid (1%, w/v) and filtered through a 0.45 μm filter.…”