Long-Term Air Pollution Exposure and Ischemic Heart Disease Mortality Among Elderly in High Aging Asian Economies

Abstract

In the epidemiological literature, the impact of environmental pollution on cardiac mortality has been well documented. There is, however, a paucity of evidence on the impact of air pollution exposure on ischemic heart disease (IHD) mortality among the Asian aged population. In response, this research seeks to investigate the degree of proximity between exposure to ambient PM2.5, household PM2.5, ground-level ozone (O3), and IHD mortality in the top seven Asian economies with the highest aging rates. This investigation is held in two phases. In the first phase, grey modeling is employed to assess the degree of proximity among the selected variables, and then rank them based on their estimated grey weights. In addition, a grey-based Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (G-TOPSIS) is adopted to identify the key influencing factor that intensifies IHD mortality across the selected Asian economies. According to the estimated results, South Korea was the most afflicted nation in terms of IHD mortality owing to ambient PM2.5 and ground-level O3 exposure, whereas among the studied nations India was the biggest contributor to raising IHD mortality due to household PM2.5 exposure. Further, the outcomes of G-TOPSIS highlighted that exposure to household PM2.5 is a key influencing risk factor for increased IHD mortality in these regions, outweighing all other air pollutants. In conclusion, this grey assessment may enable policymakers to target more vulnerable individuals based on scientific facts and promote regional environmental justice. Stronger emission regulations will also be required to mitigate the adverse health outcomes associated with air pollution exposure, particularly in regions with a higher elderly population.

Particulate air pollution and metabolic risk factors: Which are more prone to cardiac mortality

“…There is growing evidence suggesting that exposure to these pollutants may raise the risk of cardiac events and associated mortality. It is estimated that the use of solid fuels in residences, mostly for cooking, causes more than 3.5 million early deaths per annum and approximately 110 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) ( 69 , 70 ). The effects of indoor air pollution on cardiac health and outcomes have received less attention in emerging Asian nations, although they use equivalent or more biomass fuel than industrialized countries, indicating higher levels of indoor air pollution and relatively higher CVD burdens ( 61 ).…”

Cardiovascular Disease Mortality and Potential Risk Factor in China: A Multi-Dimensional Assessment by a Grey Relational Approach

“…The present study sought to quantify the associations of HTN, diabetes mellitus, and high blood cholesterol with mortality from stroke, CHD, and pulmonary heart disease by using grey relational analysis (GRA) models. Traditional statistical approaches, such as logistic regression, are inefficient for depicting the relations between variables in the biomedical domain, because of its dependency restrictions [15][16][17]. The grey relational models may overcome this shortcoming as they are devoid of assumptions.…”

Atmospheric PM2.5 exposure and risk of ischemic heart disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies

“…A growing body of epidemiological literature shows that PM 2.5 is a well-defined risk factor for IHD, earlier studies of long-term PM 2.5 exposure focused more the United States and Europe, [11][12][13] whereas in the past decade more studies have been published in Asia and Oceania. 14,15 While there was an evidence-based metaanalyses also revealed that long-term exposure of PM 2.5 may be related to a higher risk of cardiovascular disease event. 16 However, the results were still limited and unclear.…”