Long-range transport of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Bjørseth, Alf; Lunde, Gulbrand; Lindskog, Anne

doi:10.1016/0004-6981(79)90243-9

Cited by 165 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Petrogenic PAHs are related to combusted oil, coal and their by-products (da Silva and Bícego, 2010), and mainly comprised by 2 and 3-aromatic ring structures (Baumard et al, 1998), whereas in pyrogenic PAHs the "heavier" 4-6 ring molecules predominate, and their sources are primarily anthropogenic combustion processes (e.g. car exhaust, local heating facilities, industrial-related activities), forest fires, or tar use in asphalt (Bjørseth and Ramdahl, 1983;Guillon et al, 2013;Jensen et al, 2007). Biogenic PAHs are linked to biological material or early diagenetic processes, and are characterised by a strong presence of perylene (Gocht et al, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in pine needles and socio-geographic parameters

Fernández-Varela

Ratola

Alves

et al. 2015

Journal of Environmental Management

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The ability of pine needles to capture polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from the surrounding air is well known. In this work the current knowledge of this affinity will be enhanced, investigating the plausible links between the concentrations of PAHs found in pine needles collected in different sites in Portugal, and several socio-geographic variables with environmental relevance. Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) has proven to be a suitable and innovative technique to look for relationships within environmental datasets. In the current work, CCA will simultaneously include chemical information (concentration of PAHs found in pine needles) and socio-geographic information associated to the sampling areas. In order to be more robust in these conclusions, Pinus pinea and Pinus pinaster species were considered separately, allowing an accurate direct comparison between them. The information concerning the different seasons and land occupation was also taken into account. Our results demonstrate how CCA can be a useful tool in environmental impact assessment, and highlight the importance of pine needles as trustful biomonitors of the influence of socio-geographic parameters on the levels of PAHs in a given area.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in pine needles and socio-geographic parameters

Fernández-Varela

Ratola

Alves

et al. 2015

Journal of Environmental Management

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“…Contamination of urban aquatic sediments by PAHs, which represent the largest class of suspected carcinogens (1), has been increasing in the United States during the last 20-40 years (2,3). PAHs in the environment largely are a product of the incomplete combustion of petroleum, oil, coal, and wood (4).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

PAHs Underfoot: Contaminated Dust from Coal-Tar Sealcoated Pavement is Widespread in the United States

Metre

Mahler

Wilson

2008

Environ. Sci. Technol.

124

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We reported in 2005 that runoff from parking lots treated with coal-tar-based sealcoat was a major source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to streams in Austin, Texas. Here we present new data from nine U.S. cities that show nationwide patterns in concentrations of PAHs associated with sealcoat. Dust was swept from parking lots in six cities in the central and eastern U.S., where coal-tar-based sealcoat dominates use, and three cities in the western U.S., where asphaltbased sealcoat dominates use. For six central and eastern cities, median ΣPAH concentrations in dust from sealcoated and unsealcoated pavement are 2200 and 27 mg/kg, respectively. For three western cities, median ΣPAH concentrations in dust from sealcoated and unsealcoated pavement are similar and very low (2.1 and 0.8 mg/kg, respectively). Lakes in the central and eastern cities where pavement was sampled have bottom sediments with higher PAH concentrations than do those in the western cities relative to degree of urbanization. Bottom-sediment PAH assemblages are similar to those of sealcoated pavement dust regionally, implicating coal-tar-based sealcoat as a PAH source to the central and eastern lakes. Concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene in dust from coal-tar sealcoated pavement and adjacent soils greatly exceed generic soil screening levels, suggesting that research on human-health risk is warranted. IntroductionContamination of urban aquatic sediments by PAHs, which represent the largest class of suspected carcinogens (1), has been increasing in the United States during the last 20-40 years (2, 3). PAHs in the environment largely are a product of the incomplete combustion of petroleum, oil, coal, and wood (4). Sources in the urban environment include industrial emissions and wastes (5); home heating with fuel oil, wood, and coal; power plants (6); vehicles (7,8); and pavement sealants, also known as sealcoat (9). In a study of PAH sources in Austin, Texas, particles in runoff from parking lots treated with coal-tar-based sealcoat had a mean total PAH concentration of 3500 mg/kg, 65 times greater than that in particles from concrete and asphalt parking lots that were not sealcoated (9). On the basis of comparison with suspended sediment concentrations, loads, and chemical assemblages in streams, the study concluded that sealcoat was a major source of PAHs to streams in the four watersheds studied. Recent studies have documented adverse biological effects in some Austin streams receiving runoff from coal-tar sealcoated lots (10), and demonstrated altered survival, growth, and development in a model amphibian species (Xenopus laevis) exposed to sediment spiked with coal-tarbased sealcoat (11).Most sealcoat products have either a refined-coal-tar or asphalt (crude oil) base. The coal-tar varieties typically are 15-35% coal tar, a known carcinogen with extremely high concentrations of PAHs (12). The City of Austin reported a median concentration of the sum of 16 PAHs (dry weight basis) for coal-tar-based sealcoat products of more than 50,000 ...

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“…Sources of emission of PM 2.5 (particulate matter < 2.5 m ) and their associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon ( PAH ) within the urban environment are predominantly associated with traffic, domestic heating, power generation and other industrial activities (Nikolaou et al, 1984;Back et al, 1991 ) . In addition to PAH emission sources located within urban centres, point sources (e.g., industrial plants ) located at long distances from such centres have also been reported to affect urban air quality (Lunde and Bjorseth, 1977;Bjorseth and Lunde, 1979 ). The composition of the released gaseous or particulate -bound mixtures is complex, including more than 600 chemicals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Personal exposures to PM2.5 and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their relationship to environmental tobacco smoke at two locations in Greece

Georgiadis

Stoikidou

Topinka

et al. 2001

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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In the context of a large -scale molecular epidemiology study of biomarkers of genotoxicity of air pollution, 24 -h mean personal exposures to airborne PM 2.5 ( particulate matter < 2.5 m ) and associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon ( PAHs ) were measured in 194 non -smoking technical institute students living in the city of Athens, Greece ( an area with moderately high levels of air pollution ) and the nearby small town of Halkida anticipated to have lower pollution levels. Extensive information relevant to the assessment of long -term and recent exposure to PAH was obtained from questionnaires as well as a time ± location ± activity diary ( TLAD ) which was kept by all subjects during a 4 -day observation period. During the last 24 h of this period, subjects underwent personal exposure monitoring for PM 2.5 and PAH, while a sample of blood was donated at the end of this period. All subjects were monitored in this way twice; once during a winter season ( October ± February ) and once during the following summer season ( June ± September ) . Nine subjects with plasma cotinine levels above 20 ng / ml were considered as unreported smokers and excluded from the study. Winter PM 2.5 exposures were lower in Athens ( geometric mean 39.7 g / m 3 ) than Halkida ( geometric mean 56.2 g / m 3 ) (P < 0.001 ) , while there was no significant location difference during the summer ( Athens: geometric mean 32.3 g / m 3 , Halkida: geometric mean 32.9 g / m 3 ; P= 0.79 ) . On the other hand, PAH exposures ( sum of the eight carcinogenic PAHs ) were significantly higher in Athens than in Halkida during the winter ( Athens: geometric mean 8.26 ng / m 3 , Halkida: geometric mean 5.80 ng / m 3 ; P < 0.001 ) as well as during the summer ( Athens: geometric mean 4.44 ng / m 3 , Halkida: geometric mean 1.48 ng / m 3 ; P < 0.001 ) . There was a significant difference in the profile of the PAH exposures at the two locations, the proportion of lighter PAH ( benzo This difference appeared to be related to individual exposure to environmental tobacco smoke ( ETS ) , as indicated by ( a ) the correlation at the individual level between the CHRYS / BPer ratio and declared time of recent exposure to ETS as well as plasma cotinine levels, especially during the winter; ( b ) the parallel variation of the mean levels of all three markers ( declared ETS exposure, cotinine levels, CHRYS / BPer ratio ) among three subgroups of subjects ( Athens subjects who had lowest levels of all three markers; Halkida subjects other than those living in the institute campus area; and Halkida subjects living in the institute campus area who had the highest levels of all three markers ) . This demonstrates that ETS can have a distinctive effect on the PAH exposure profile of subjects exposed to relatively low levels of urban air pollution.

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Long-range transport of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Cited by 165 publications

References 13 publications

Relationship between levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in pine needles and socio-geographic parameters

Relationship between levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in pine needles and socio-geographic parameters

PAHs Underfoot: Contaminated Dust from Coal-Tar Sealcoated Pavement is Widespread in the United States

Personal exposures to PM2.5 and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their relationship to environmental tobacco smoke at two locations in Greece

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