Long-period Jovian Tilts the Orbits of Two sub-Neptunes Relative to Stellar Spin Axis in Kepler-129

Zhang, Jingwen; Weiss, Lauren M.; Huber, Daniel; Blunt, Sarah; Chontos, Ashley; Fulton, Benjamin J.; Grunblatt, Samuel K.; Howard, Andrew W.; Isaacson, Howard; Kosiarek, Molly R.; Petigura, Erik A.; Rosenthal, Lee J.; Rubenzahl, Ryan A.

doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac0634

Cited by 15 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…cal evolution of the HD 3167's outer planetary system could be similar to what was proposed for Kepler-129 byZhang et al (2021), also in the framework developed byBoué & Fabrycky (2014). The orbits of the two sub-Neptunes around Kepler-129 could have become misaligned as a result of precessing around the orbital normal of a long-period giant planet discovered in A152, page 13 of 19…”

supporting

confidence: 63%

“…Interestingly, spin-orbit measurements in young systems (<100 Myr) have shown prograde and aligned orbits (Palle et al 2020;Zhou et al 2020;Mann et al 2020). Other studies have unveiled substantial misalignments in multiplanet systems (Huber et al 2013;Walkowicz & Basri 2013;Hirano et al 2014;Hjorth et al 2021;Zhang et al 2021), hinting at more complex formation processes (e.g., Spalding & Batygin 2014;Spalding & Millholland 2020) or dynamical histories (e.g. Gratia & Fabrycky 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Rossiter–McLaughlin effect revolutions: an ultra-short period planet and a warm mini-Neptune on perpendicular orbits

Bourrier

Cretignier

Allart

et al. 2021

A&A

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Comparisons of the alignment of exoplanets with a common host star and each other can be used to distinguish among concurrent evolution scenarios for the star and the planets. However, multi-planet systems usually host mini-Neptunes and super-Earths, whose sizes make orbital architecture measurements challenging. We introduce the Rossiter-McLaughlin effect Revolutions (RMR) technique, which can access the spin-orbit angle of small exoplanets by exploiting the full extent of information contained in spectral transit time series. We validated the technique through its application to published HARPS-N data of the mini-Neptune HD 3167c (P = 29.8 days), refining its high sky-projected spin-orbit angle (−108.9−5.5+5.4°), and we applied it to new ESPRESSO observations of the super-Earth HD 3167 b (P = 0.96 days), revealing an aligned orbit (−6.6−7.9+6.6°). Surprisingly different variations in the contrast of the stellar lines occulted by the two planets can be reconciled by assuming a latitudinal dependence of the stellar line shape. In this scenario, a joint fit to both datasets constrains the inclination of the star (111.6−3.3+3.1°) and the 3D spin-orbit angles of HD 3167b (29.5−9.4+7.2°) and HD 3167c (107.7−4.9+5.1°). The projected spin-orbit angles do not depend on the model for the line contrast variations, and so, with a mutual inclination of 102.3−8.0+7.4°, we can conclude that the two planets are on perpendicular orbits. This could be explained by HD 3167b being strongly coupled to the star and retaining its primordial alignment, whereas HD 3167c would have been brought to a nearly polar orbit via secular gravitational interactions with an outer companion. Follow-up observations of the system and simulations of its dynamical evolution are required to search for this companion and explore the likelihood of this scenario. HD 3167 b (R = 1.7 REarth) is the smallest exoplanet with a confirmed spectroscopic Rossiter-McLaughlin signal. The RMR technique opens the way to determining the orbital architectures of the super-Earth and Earth-sized planet populations.

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supporting

confidence: 63%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Rossiter–McLaughlin effect revolutions: an ultra-short period planet and a warm mini-Neptune on perpendicular orbits

Bourrier

Cretignier

Allart

et al. 2021

A&A

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“…Hamann et al 2019, K2-146;Panichi et al 2019, KOI-1599or Leleu et al 2021, long-term evolution (e.g. Trifonov et al 2020, GJ 1148or Zhang et al 2021, system formation (e.g. Xiu-Min et al 2021, HD 106315 or Petigura et al 2018 or construction of the maps of stability (e.g.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chaos in multiplanetary extrasolar systems

Gajdoš

Vaňko

2022

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

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Here we present an initial look at the dynamics and stability of 178 multiplanetary systems which are already confirmed and listed in the NASA Exoplanet Archive. To distinguish between the chaotic and regular nature of a system, the value of the MEGNO indicator for each system was determined. Almost three-quarters of them could be labelled as long-term stable. Only 45 studied systems show chaotic behaviour. We consequently investigated the effects of the number of planets and their parameters on the system stability. A comparison of results obtained using the MEGNO indicator and machine-learning algorithm SPOCK suggests that the SPOCK could be used as an effective tool for reviewing the stability of multiplanetary systems. A similar study was already published by Laskar and Petit in 2017. We compared their analysis based on the AMD criterion with our results. The possible discrepancies are discussed.

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“…Planets at larger separations are rarely detected with transit surveys such as Kepler because (1) their geometric probability of transiting is low compared to that of close-in planets, and (2) even if they do transit, they only transit once every few years (thus requiring a long baseline for a transit detection; Winn 2010). In contrast, ground-based radial velocity (RV) surveys, although still limited by the observing baselines, readily detect Jupitermass planets at distant separations out to several AU (e.g., Marcy et al 2014;Neveu-VanMalle et al 2016;Mills et al 2019;Weiss et al 2020;Zhang et al 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inner Planetary System Gap Complexity is a Predictor of Outer Giant Planets

Weiss

2023

Self Cite

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The connection between inner small planets and outer giant planets is crucial to our understanding of planet formation across a wide range of orbital separations. While Kepler provided a plethora of compact multiplanet systems at short separations (≲1 au), relatively little is known about the occurrence of giant companions at larger separations and how they impact the architectures of the inner systems. Here, we use the catalog of systems from the Kepler Giant Planet Search to study how the architectures of the inner transiting planets correlate with the presence of outer giant planets. We find that for systems with at least three small transiting planets, the distribution of inner-system gap complexity (  ), a measure of the deviation from uniform spacings, appears to differ (p ≲ 0.02) between those with an outer giant planet ( 50 M ⊕ ≤ M p sin i ≤ 13 M Jup ) and those without any outer giants. All four inner systems (with three or more transiting planets) with outer giant(s) have a higher gap complexity (  > 0.32 ) than 79% (19/24) of the inner systems without any outer giants (median  ≃ 0.06 ). This suggests that one can predict the occurrence of outer giant companions by selecting multitransiting systems with highly irregular spacings. We do not find any correlation between the outer giant occurrence and the size (similarity or ordering) patterns of the inner planets. The higher gap complexities of inner systems with an outer giant hints that massive external planets play an important role in the formation and/or disruption of the inner systems.

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Long-period Jovian Tilts the Orbits of Two sub-Neptunes Relative to Stellar Spin Axis in Kepler-129

Cited by 15 publications

References 72 publications

The Rossiter–McLaughlin effect revolutions: an ultra-short period planet and a warm mini-Neptune on perpendicular orbits

The Rossiter–McLaughlin effect revolutions: an ultra-short period planet and a warm mini-Neptune on perpendicular orbits

Chaos in multiplanetary extrasolar systems

Inner Planetary System Gap Complexity is a Predictor of Outer Giant Planets

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