Long‐Life Lead‐Acid Battery for High‐Rate Partial‐State‐of‐Charge Operation Enabled by a Rice‐Husk‐Based Activated Carbon Negative Electrode Additive

Abstract

Lead sulfation severely shortens the cycling life of lead‐acid battery under high‐rate partial‐state‐of‐charge (HRPSoC) operation. Adding carbon materials into negative active mass has been demonstrated as an effective strategy to suppress the sulfation. In this paper, rice‐husk‐based activated carbon (RHAC) with high specific surface area and high pore volume exhibits excellent performances on enhancing the discharge capacity, the dynamic charge acceptance and especially the cycling life of negative electrode of lead acid battery. Results show that the HRPSoC cycling life of negative electrode with RHAC exceeds 5000 cycles which is 4.65 and 1.42 times that of blank negative electrode and negative electrode with commercial activated carbon, respectively. These outstanding performances are ascribed to the unique architectural properties of RHAC comparing with commercial activated carbon, such as three‐dimensional porous structure for acid storage, high mesopore volume for efficient ions transport and large external specific surface area for energetic Pb deposition.

Recent progress in the development of carbon‐based materials in lead–carbon batteries

“…Consequently, AC particles embedded in a binary lead–carbon composite electrode structure can be considered microultra battery electrodes. [ 52 ] A high concentration of AC can be incorporated into NAM; however, carbon is denser than lead, and the mass loading is limited to 1%–3%, which leads to a remarkable improvement in electrochemical performance. A lead–carbon electrode also has a higher charge power (W) than a lead‐negative electrode.…”

Long‐Life Lead‐Carbon Batteries for Stationary Energy Storage Applications

“…The second and most significant example is the utilization of grid storage, and hybrid electric automobile applications require highly efficient and fast charge acceptance and high current bursts. [6,7] Therefore, if these problems are addressed effectively, LABs will endure the primary contender in the telecom market, grid-scale energy storage, and automobile with other chemistries, such as lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), Metal air batteries, Na-ion batteries (NIBs), Ni-metal hybrid batteries (NIi-MH), Nicadmium battery (NiÀ Cd), Flow batteries (vanadium redox, zinc-bromine, and polysulphide bromine flow batteries), and so on. LIB is widely used in many diverse applications; however, the limited reserve of Li metal makes LIBs costly, and the severe explosion is the main issue compared to LABs, a mature technology with high safety, cost-effectiveness, and abundant reserve.…”

Increasing the oxygen-containing functional groups of oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes to improve high-rate-partial-state-of-charge performance

“…Until now, various types of carbon-based materials have been adopted as additives for NAMs, such as carbon black, 19–22 activated carbon, 23–26 graphite 27–30 and various carbon-based nanomaterials. 31,32 Carbon nanotubes are considered to be most promising new carbon materials for improving the cycle life of HRPSoC due to excellent physical and chemical properties such as it’s ordered structure, high conductivity, and chemical stability.…”