Long-Distance Frequency Dissemination with a Resolution of<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:msup><mml:mn>10</mml:mn><mml:mrow><mml:mo>−</mml:mo><mml:mn>17</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:math>

Daussy, Christophe; Lopez, Olivier; Amy‐Klein, Anne; Goncharov, A. N.; Guinet, M.; Chardonnet, Christian; Narbonneau, F.; Lours, M.; Chambon, D.; Bize, S.; Clairon, A.; Santarelli, G.; Tobar, Michael E.; Luiten, André

doi:10.1103/physrevlett.94.203904

Cited by 137 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…수준의 상대주파수 정확도를 가지는 주파수 표준 [1] 이 실현되 고 있는 추세에 발맞추어, 광섬유를 통한 기준 주파수의 전 송 방법은 기존의 위성 시스템을 이용한 무선 전송의 한계를 뛰어넘을 강력한 후보로서 활발히 연구되고 있다 [2][3][4][5][6][7][8] . 또한, 광섬유를 통한 신호의 전송은 구리 재질의 동축케이블을 이 용할 때보다 신호의 손실이 작아서 멀리 떨어진 곳까지 높은 안정도의 기준 주파수를 전송할 수 있다는 장점을 가지고 있 다.…”

Section: 서 론 최근 들어 주파수 표준기의 비약적인 발전으로 인해 10 -18unclassified

Cancellation of Phase Noise in 1.4 GHz RF Signal Transferred to a Remote Site through 13 km Fiber

Lee¹,

Park²,

Mun³

et al. 2010

Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics

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Section: 서 론 최근 들어 주파수 표준기의 비약적인 발전으로 인해 10 -18unclassified

Cancellation of Phase Noise in 1.4 GHz RF Signal Transferred to a Remote Site through 13 km Fiber

Lee¹,

Park²,

Mun³

et al. 2010

Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics

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“…Distributed EDFAs can be implemented to provide sufficient power. For stabilized lasers with coherence lengths in the tens of km range and adequate stabilization of the fiber length variations attributed to thermal and seismic fluctuations, 147,149,150 all antennas are mutually coherent, similar to the small scale arrays presented in the last section. Fig.…”

Section: Application To Very Long Baseline Interferometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the optical domain, successful stabilization experiments were carried out by Daussy et al 150 A laser signal was transferred via public optical fibers over a distance of 43 km using fiber length fluctuation compensation. Again, only slight linewidth broadening and excellent stability with an Allan deviation in the range of 10 À14 À 10 À15 could be reported.…”

Section: Application To Very Long Baseline Interferometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Tunable, continuous-wave Terahertz photomixer sources and applications

Preu

Döhler

Malzer

et al. 2011

Journal of Applied Physics

419

293

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Realization of gigahertz-frequency impedance matching circuits for nano-scale devices Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 053108 (2012) Synchronization of a renewable energy inverter with the grid J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 4, 043103 (2012) Monolithic high-temperature superconducting heterodyne Josephson frequency down-converter Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 262604 (2012) Generation of pure phase and amplitude-modulated signals at microwave frequencies Rev. Sci. Instrum. 83, 064705 (2012) Additional information on J. Appl. Phys. This review is focused on the latest developments in continuous-wave (CW) photomixing for Terahertz (THz) generation. The first part of the paper explains the limiting factors for operation at high frequencies $ 1 THz, namely transit time or lifetime roll-off, antenna (R)-device (C) RC rolloff, current screening and blocking, and heat dissipation. We will present various realizations of both photoconductive and p-i-n diode-based photomixers to overcome these limitations, including perspectives on novel materials for high-power photomixers operating at telecom wavelengths (1550 nm). In addition to the classical approach of feeding current originating from a small semiconductor photomixer device to an antenna (antenna-based emitter, AE), an antennaless approach in which the active area itself radiates (large area emitter, LAE) is discussed in detail. Although we focus on CW photomixing, we briefly discuss recent results for LAEs under pulsed conditions. Record power levels of 1.5 mW average power and conversion efficiencies as high as 2 Â 10 À3 have been reached, about 2 orders of magnitude higher than those obtained with CW antenna-based emitters. The second part of the paper is devoted to applications for CW photomixers. We begin with a discussion of the development of novel THz optics. Special attention is paid to experiments exploiting the long coherence length of CW photomixers for coherent emission and detection of THz arrays. The long coherence length comes with an unprecedented narrow linewidth. This is of particular interest for spectroscopic applications, the field in which THz research has perhaps the highest impact. We point out that CW spectroscopy systems may potentially be more compact, cheaper, and more accurate than conventional pulsed systems. These features are attributed to telecom-wavelength compatibility, to excellent frequency resolution, and to their huge spectral density. The paper concludes with prototype experiments of THz wireless LAN applications. For future telecommunication systems, the limited bandwidth of photodiodes is inadequate for further upshifting carrier frequencies. This, however, will soon be required for increased data throughput. The implementation of telecom-wavelength compatible photomixing diodes for down-conversion of an optical carrier signal to a (sub-)THz RF signal will be required.

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“…And, since time transfer noise averages much faster than white frequency noise, the time transfer noise is well below the limit of current state-ofthe-art terrestrial clocks. However the uncertainties associated with intercontinental comparisons still present a challenge and most researchers believe that recent work on time and frequency dissemination using optical fiber networks 67,68 and comparisons to space-borne clocks 69 will result in orders of magnitude improvement to longbaseline clock comparisons in the very near future.…”

Section: σY and σZ Over The Longest Measurement Timesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Colloquium: Comparison of astrophysical and terrestrial frequency standards

Hartnett

Luiten

2011

Rev. Mod. Phys.

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We have re-analyzed the stability of pulse arrival times from pulsars and white dwarfs using several analysis tools for measuring the noise characteristics of sampled time and frequency data. We show that the best terrestrial artificial clocks substantially exceed the performance of astronomical sources as time-keepers in terms of accuracy (as defined by cesium primary frequency standards) and stability. This superiority in stability can be directly demonstrated over time periods up to two years, where there is high quality data for both. Beyond 2 years there is a deficiency of data for clock/clock comparisons and both terrestrial and astronomical clocks show equal performance being equally limited by the quality of the reference timescales used to make the comparisons. Nonetheless, we show that detailed accuracy evaluations of modern terrestrial clocks imply that these new clocks are likely to have a stability better than any astronomical source up to comparison times of at least hundreds of years. This article is intended to provide a correct appreciation of the relative merits of natural and artificial clocks. The use of natural clocks as tests of physics under the most extreme conditions is entirely appropriate; however, the contention that these natural clocks, particularly white dwarfs, can compete as timekeepers against devices constructed by mankind is shown to be doubtful.

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Long-Distance Frequency Dissemination with a Resolution of10−17

Cited by 137 publications

References 28 publications

Cancellation of Phase Noise in 1.4 GHz RF Signal Transferred to a Remote Site through 13 km Fiber

Cancellation of Phase Noise in 1.4 GHz RF Signal Transferred to a Remote Site through 13 km Fiber

Tunable, continuous-wave Terahertz photomixer sources and applications

Colloquium: Comparison of astrophysical and terrestrial frequency standards

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