Long-distance airborne dispersal of SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 wards

Nissen, Karolina; Krambrich, Janina; Akaberi, Dario; Hoffman, Tove; Ling, Jiaxin; Lundkvist, Åke; Salaneck, Erik

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-34643/v1

Cited by 60 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…RNA was extracted using the Direct-zol™-96 RNA kit according to the manufacturer's protocol (Zymo Research, USA). The Envelope (E) gene was quantified by the RT-qPCR assay as described previously [ 3 , 15 ]. The primer pair and probe were based on sequences published by Corman et al [ 16 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mitigation of the replication of SARS-CoV-2 by nitric oxide in vitro

et al. 2020

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The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is a global public health emergency posing a high burden on nations’ health care systems and economies. Despite the great effort put in the development of vaccines and specific treatments, no prophylaxis or effective therapeutics are currently available. Nitric oxide (NO) is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial and a potent vasodilator that has proved to be effective in reducing SARS-CoV replication and hypoxia in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. Given the potential of NO as treatment for SARS-CoV-2 infection, we have evaluated the in vitro antiviral effect of NO on SARS-CoV-2 replication. The NO-donor S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) had a dose dependent inhibitory effect on SARS-CoV-2 replication, while the non S-nitrosated NAP was not active, as expected. Although the viral replication was not completely abolished (at 200 μM and 400 μM), SNAP delayed or completely prevented the development of viral cytopathic effect in treated cells, and the observed protective effect correlated with the level of inhibition of the viral replication. The capacity of the NO released from SNAP to covalently bind and inhibit SARS-CoV-2 3CL recombinant protease in vitro was also tested. The observed reduction in SARS-CoV-2 protease activity was consistent with S-nitrosation of the enzyme active site cysteine.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mitigation of the replication of SARS-CoV-2 by nitric oxide in vitro

et al. 2020

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“…With the current available information, we are unable to determine the full influence of these significant factors. Nissen et al (2020) found viral signal in air vents and filters meters away from patients in a low relative humidity environment (approximately 30%), but they could not detect growth or infectivity, and hypothesized that the virus may have been inactive due to desiccation of the pathogen in the vents. Recent studies have shown a variability in the survivability of the virus in surfaces, depending on the material, temperature, relative humidity, and light, with all of these factors playing an important role (Riddell et al, 2020;Van Doremalen et al, 2020;Wolff et al, 2005).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution of SARS-CoV-2 RNA Signal in a Home with COVID-19 Positive Occupants

Maestre

Jarma

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Although many COVID-19 patients quarantine and recover at home, the dispersal of SARS-CoV-2 onto surfaces and dust within the home environment remains poorly understood. To investigate the distribution and persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in a quarantine home, samples were collected from a household with two confirmed COVID-19 cases (one adult and one child). Home surface swab and dust samples were collected two months after symptom onset (and one month after symptom resolution) in the household. The strength of the SARS-CoV-2 molecular signal in fomites varied as a function of sample location, surface material and cleaning practices. Notably, the SARS-CoV-2 RNA signal was detected at several locations throughout the household although cleaning appears to have attenuated the signal on many surfaces. Of the 24 surfaces sampled, 46% were SARS-CoV-2 positive at the time of sampling. The SARS-CoV-2 concentrations in dust recovered from floor and HVAC filter samples ranged from 104-105 N2 gene copies/g dust. While detection of viral RNA does not imply infectivity, this study confirms that the SARS-CoV-2 RNA signal can be detected at several locations within a COVID-19 quarantine home and can persist after symptoms have resolved. In addition, the concentration of SARS-CoV-2 (normalized per unit mass of dust) recovered in home HVAC filters may prove useful for estimating SARS-CoV-2 airborne levels in homes.

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“…Two recent studies have shown that COVID-19 patients can produce aerosols laden with viable SARS-CoV-2, even though no aerosol-generating procedure is in place 45 , and that these can travel long distances in hospital wards through ventilation 46 . This confirms the fact that the virus can be potentially transmitted via aerosols and that this must be taken into account when assessing preventive measures.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling of aerosol transmission of airborne pathogens in ICU rooms of COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory failure

Crawford

Vanoli

Decorde

et al. 2020

Preprint

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The COVID-19 pandemic has generated many concerns about cross-contamination risks, particularly in hospital settings and Intensive Care Units (ICU). Virus-laden aerosols produced by infected patients can propagate throughout ventilated rooms and put medical personnel entering them at risk. Experimental results found with a schlieren optical method have shown that the air flows generated by a cough and normal breathing were modified by the oxygenation technique used, especially when using High Flow Nasal Canulae, increasing the shedding of potentially infectious airborne particles. This study also uses a 3D Computer Fluid Dynamics model based on a Lattice Boltzmann Method to simulate the air flows as well as the movement of numerous airborne particles produced by a patient’s cough within an ICU room under negative pressure. The effects of different mitigation scenarii on the amount of aerosols potentially containing SARS-CoV-2 that are extracted through the ventilation system are investigated. Numerical results indicate that adequate bed orientation and additional air treatment unit positioning can increase by 40% the number of particles extracted and decrease by 25% the amount of particles deposited on surfaces 45s after shedding. This approach could help lay the grounds for a more comprehensive way to tackle contamination risks in hospitals, as the model can be seen as a proof of concept and be adapted to any room configuration.

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Long-distance airborne dispersal of SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 wards

Cited by 60 publications

References 13 publications

Mitigation of the replication of SARS-CoV-2 by nitric oxide in vitro

Mitigation of the replication of SARS-CoV-2 by nitric oxide in vitro

Distribution of SARS-CoV-2 RNA Signal in a Home with COVID-19 Positive Occupants

Modeling of aerosol transmission of airborne pathogens in ICU rooms of COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory failure

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