Long descending motor tract axons and their control of neck and axial muscles

Shinoda, Yoshikazu; Sugiuchi, Yuriko; Izawa, Yoshiko; Hata, Yoshiyuki

doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(05)51017-3

Cited by 76 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 85 publications

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“…The necessary signals could originate from cortical projections that reach the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis (NRG), which, in turn, projects to the spinal cord (Alstermark et al 1985;Peterson et al 1975Peterson et al , 1978Shinoda et al 2005) and participates in the control of head movements (e.g., Quessy and Freedman 2004). The frontal eye field (FEF) is one potential cortical source because head movements, with or without accompanying eye movements, can be evoked by stimulation (Chen 2006;Elsley et al 2007;Knight and Fuchs 2007;Tu and Keating 2000).…”

Section: Gaze Shiftsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Reversible Inactivation of Superior Colliculus on Head Movements

Walton¹,

Bechara²,

Gandhi³

2008

Journal of Neurophysiology

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Because of limitations in the oculomotor range, many gaze shifts must be accomplished using coordinated movements of the eyes and head. Stimulation and recording data have implicated the primate superior colliculus (SC) in the control of these gaze shifts. The precise role of this structure in head movement control, however, is not known. The present study uses reversible inactivation to gain insight into the role of this structure in the control of head movements, including those that accompany gaze shifts and those that occur in the absence of a change in gaze. Forty-five lidocaine injections were made in two monkeys that had been trained on a series of behavioral tasks that dissociate movements of the eyes and head. Reversible inactivation resulted in clear impairments in the animals' ability to perform gaze shifts, manifested by increased reaction times, lower peak velocities, and increased durations. In contrast, comparable effects were not found for head movements (with or without gaze shifts) with the exception of a very small increase in reaction times of head movements associated with gaze shifts. Eye-head coordination was clearly affected by the injections with gaze onset occurring relatively later with respect to head onset. Following the injections, the head contributed slightly more to the gaze shift. These results suggest that head movements (with and without gaze shifts) can be controlled by pathways that do not involve SC.

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Section: Gaze Shiftsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Reversible Inactivation of Superior Colliculus on Head Movements

Walton¹,

Bechara²,

Gandhi³

2008

Journal of Neurophysiology

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“…1 for monkeys) present an interesting target for sensori-motor neuroscience. From a motor perspective, these muscles are targeted by a variety of descending pathways (Isa and Sasaki, 2002;Shinoda et al, 2006) and recruited during even the smallest head movements in cats and monkeys Lestienne et al, 1995;Richmond et al, 1992). Study of suboccipital muscle recruitment can therefore provide insight into the functional signals relayed along these pathways.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasound-guided insertion of intramuscular electrodes into suboccipital muscles in the non-human primate

Goonetilleke¹,

Peel²,

Green³

et al. 2012

Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology

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“…The axons of the LVN contribute to the vestibulospinal tract (VST) that descends ipsilaterally in the lateral and ventral funiculi of the rat spinal cord to project to interneurons and motor neurons that innervate neck and proximal limb and trunk muscles at cervical and thoracic spinal levels, where they act to provide postural control (Shinoda et al, 2006). Retrograde transport of tracers applied to descending pathways in the injured cervical cord reveals hundreds of labeled neurons in the LVN.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Peripheral nerve graft with immunosuppression modifies gene expression in axotomized CNS neurons

Murray

Santi

Monaghan

et al. 2011

J of Comparative Neurology

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Adult central nervous system (CNS) neurons do not regenerate severed axons unaided but may regenerate axons into apposed predegenerated peripheral nerve grafts (PNGs). We examined gene expression by using microarray technology in laser-dissected lateral vestibular (LV) neurons whose axons were severed by a lateral hemisection at C3 (HX) and in lateral vestibular nucleus (LVN) neurons that were hemisected at C3 and that received immunosuppression with cyclosporine A (CsA) and a predegenerated PNG (termed I-PNG) into the lesion site. The results provide an expression analysis of temporal changes that occur in LVN neurons in nonregenerative and potentially regenerative states and over a period of 42 days. Axotomy alone resulted in a prolonged change in regulation of probe sets, with more being upregulated than downregulated. Apposition of a PNG with immunosuppression muted gene expression overall. Axotomized neurons (HX) upregulated genes commonly associated with axonal growth, whereas axotomized neurons whose axons were apposed to the PNG showed diminished expression of many of these genes but greater expression of genes related to energy production. The results suggest that axotomized LVN neurons express many genes thought to be associated with regeneration to a greater extent than LVN neurons that are apposed to a PNG. Thus the LVN neurons remain in a regenerative state following axotomy but the conditions provided by the I-PNG appear to be neuroprotective, preserving or enhancing mitochondrial activity, which may provide required energy for regeneration. We speculate that the graft also enables sufficient axonal synthesis of cytoskeletal components to allow axonal growth without marked increase in expression of genes normally associated with regeneration.

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Long descending motor tract axons and their control of neck and axial muscles

Cited by 76 publications

References 85 publications

Effect of Reversible Inactivation of Superior Colliculus on Head Movements

Effect of Reversible Inactivation of Superior Colliculus on Head Movements

Ultrasound-guided insertion of intramuscular electrodes into suboccipital muscles in the non-human primate

Peripheral nerve graft with immunosuppression modifies gene expression in axotomized CNS neurons

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