Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids may mutually benefit both obesity and osteoporosis

Kelly, Owen; Gilman, Jennifer C.; Kim, Youjin; Ilich, Jasminka Z.

doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2013.04.012

Cited by 72 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 144 publications

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“…Recently however, it has been realized that various pro-inflammatory actions may (1,3,8) AHA -American Heart Association foster obesity and osteoporosis as well (11). In contrast, n-3 fatty acids and their derivatives have been shown to promote anti-inflammatory processes and to have some beneficial health effects on cardiovascular disease (8,9), cognition in aging, function in the brain grey matter, and the development of eye retina (2,8).…”

Section: Pro-and Anti-inflammatory Metabolites Of N-6 and N-3 Fatty Amentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The major metabolites of n-3 PUFA are the anti-inflammatory eicosanoids and include prostaglandin E 3 (PGE 3 ), leukotriene B 5 (LBT 5 ), resolvins, and protectins, also generated by COX-2 and 5-LOX. During metabolism, n-6 and n-3 PUFAs compete for the desaturation enzymes (13,14), and the higher amount of n-6 PUFA in the modern diet shifts the balance toward the production of proinflammatory eicosanoids (11). Figure 1 illustrates the metabolic pathways of the n-6 and n-3 PUFA series in generating various types of eicosanoids.…”

Section: Pro-and Anti-inflammatory Metabolites Of N-6 and N-3 Fatty Amentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, inflammation may deregulate the MSC lineage commitment (11,31). Even under normal homeostatic conditions, MSC slightly favors adipogenic differentiation.…”

Section: The Detrimental Role Of Low-grade Chronic Inflammation In Obmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Low-grade chronic inflammation perpetuated by modern diet as a promoter of obesity and osteoporosis

Ilich

Kelly

Kim

et al. 2014

Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology

Self Cite

103

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Some of the universal characteristics of pre-agricultural hominin diets are strikingly different from the modern human diet. Hominin dietary choices were limited to wild plant and wild animal foods, while the modern diet includes more than 70 % of energy consumed from refined sugars, refined vegetable oils, and highly processed cereals and dairy products. The modern diet, with higher intake of fat has also resulted in a higher ratio of omega-6 (n-6) to omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), contributing to low-grade chronic inflammation (LGCI) and thus promoting the development of many chronic diseases, including obesity and osteoporosis. In this review, we describe the changes in modern diet, focusing on the kind and amount of consumed fat; explain the shortcomings of the modern diet with regard to inflammatory processes; and delineate the reciprocity between adiposity and inflammatory processes, with inflammation being a common link between obesity and osteoporosis. We present the evidence that overconsumption of n-6 PUFA coupled with under-consumption of n-3 PUFA results in LGCI and, along with the increased presence of reactive oxygen species, leads to a shift in mesenchymal stem cells (precursors for both osteoblasts and adipocytes) lineage commitment toward increased adipogenesis and suppressed osteoblastogenesis. In turn, high n-6 to n-3 PUFA ratios in the modern diet, coupled with increased synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines due to adiposity, propagate obesity and osteoporosis by increasing or maintaining LGCI.

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Section: Pro-and Anti-inflammatory Metabolites Of N-6 and N-3 Fatty Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Pro-and Anti-inflammatory Metabolites Of N-6 and N-3 Fatty Amentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Low-grade chronic inflammation perpetuated by modern diet as a promoter of obesity and osteoporosis

Ilich

Kelly

Kim

et al. 2014

Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology

Self Cite

103

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“…Omega-3 fatty acids are receiving considerable attention as dietary supplements due to their apparent ability to reduce obesity, inflammation and associated chronic diseases. Their actions, at least in part, stem from their competition with omega-6 fatty acids for shared enzymes, leading to reduced AEA and 2-AG levels and CB1R activity (Brown et al, 2013, Bigford and Del Rossi, 2014, Galland, 2010, Giugliano et al, 2006, Rhee et al, 2017, Jing et al, 2013, Kelly et al, 2013, Khan et al, 2014b, Berge et al, 2013, Hu et al, 2002, Freitas et al, 2017, Simopoulos, 2002, Simopoulos, 2016.…”

Section: Overview Of the Ecb Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Diseases associated with inflammation and obesity include cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer's disease, mood disorders, autoimmune disorders, liver and kidney disease, and musculoskeletal disabilities (Esser et al, 2014, Giugliano et al, 2006, Manzel et al, 2014, Bosma-den Boer et al, 2012, Lontchi-Yimagou et al, 2013, Murray et al, 2013, Farooqui et al, 2012, Kaur, 2014, Khan et al, 2014b, Jourdan et al, 2016, Galland, 2010. A significant dietary factor contributing to these health problems is an increased ratio of omega-6 (linoleic acid, LA) to omega-3 (α-linolenic acid, ALA) fatty acids (Wall et al, 2010, Cordain et al, 2005, Aguilar et al, 2015, Brown et al, 2013, Blasbalg et al, 2011, Jing et al, 2013, Simopoulos, 2002, Simopoulos, 2016, Kelly et al, 2013, Khan et al, 2014b, especially in the context of a high glycemic load and reduced physical activity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Theoretical Explanation for Reduced Body Mass Index and Obesity Rates in <em>Cannabis</em> Users

Clark

Jones

Hall

et al. 2018

Preprint

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Abstract:Obesity is treatment-resistant, and is linked with a number of serious, chronic diseases. Adult obesity rates in the United States have tripled since the early 1960s. Recent reviews show that an increased ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids contributes to obesity rates by increasing levels of the endocannabinoid signals AEA and 2-AG, overstimulating CB1R and leading to increased caloric intake, reduced metabolic rates, and weight gain. Cannabis, or THC, also stimulates CB1R and increases caloric intake during acute exposures. The present meta-analysis reveals significantly reduced body mass index and rates of obesity in Cannabis users, in conjunction with increased caloric intake. We provide for the first time a causative explanation for this paradox, in which rapid and long-lasting downregulation of CB1R following acute Cannabis consumption reduces energy intake and storage and increases metabolic rates, thus reversing the impact on body mass index of elevated dietary omega-6/omega-3 ratios.Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted:

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Encapsulation of Fish Oil Into Low‐Cost Alginate Beads and EPA‐DHA Release in a Rumino‐Intestinal In Vitro Digestion Model

Olloqui¹,

Castañeda‐Ovando²,

Hernández-Sánchez³

et al. 2018

Euro J Lipid Sci & Tech

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Fish oil‐origin eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are encapsulated with formulated alginate to prevent biohydrogenation in the rumen. Beads are formulated with 0.3%, 1.0%, and 2.0% of alginate. Bead surface pore‐formation is characterized by environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM). Observed pore sizes according to alginate concentration are 17–33 μm (0.3%), 10–18 μm (1.0%), and 5–10 μm (2.0%). Release of EPA and DHA is evaluated during ruminal, abomasal, and intestinal simulated digestion. Beads shows high percentage of encapsulation efficiency (91.39% from EPA and 93.51% from DHA). Beads designed (1.0%) allows to obtain EPA release of 13.65% (ruminal digestion), 29.07% (abomasal digestion), and 28.21% (intestinal digestion); while, DHA releases under the same conditions are: 18.55%, 26.78%, and 43.16%, respectively. Beads with 1.0% of alginate had the best release pattern during ruminal simulated digestion allowing an increased intestinal availability of EPA and DHA. Practical Applications: Fish oil encapsulation into alginate beads is a good alternative for ruminant diets supplementation, which will allow to get animal origin food (milk and meat, mainly) enriched with essential fatty acids such as EPA and DHA. Alginate beads are used as encapsulating material to prevent the biohydrogenation of EPA and DHA fatty acids during simulated ruminal digestion. The encapsulated efficiency and the release are calculated by GC

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Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids may mutually benefit both obesity and osteoporosis

Cited by 72 publications

References 144 publications

Low-grade chronic inflammation perpetuated by modern diet as a promoter of obesity and osteoporosis

Low-grade chronic inflammation perpetuated by modern diet as a promoter of obesity and osteoporosis

Theoretical Explanation for Reduced Body Mass Index and Obesity Rates in <em>Cannabis</em> Users

Encapsulation of Fish Oil Into Low‐Cost Alginate Beads and EPA‐DHA Release in a Rumino‐Intestinal In Vitro Digestion Model

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