Long bone diaphyseal shape follows different ontogenetic trajectories in captive and wild gorillas

Canington, Stephanie L.; Sylvester, Adam D.; Burgess, M. Loring; Junno, Juho Antti; Ruff, Christopher B.

doi:10.1002/ajpa.23636

Cited by 22 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…In addition, it is determined by both genetics and hind limb loads in birds that can locomote (Carlson & Judex, ; Canington et al. ). Juvenile pigeons cannot stand until about 1 week of age.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, geometric changes might provide some information about hind limb loads. Previous studies observed that the long-bone SMA along the load direction increased rapidly relative to SMA along other directions during ontogeny (Carlson & Judex, 2007;Nadell, 2017;Canington et al 2018). Therefore, the change in circularity might be an effective indicator of hind limb loads.…”

Section: Ontogenetic Changes In Cross-sectional Circularitymentioning

confidence: 93%

“…The neonatal limb bone geometry depends on genetic effects, rather than environmental factors, because the neonatal birds rarely locomote. In addition, it is determined by both genetics and hind limb loads in birds that can locomote (Carlson & Judex, 2007;Canington et al 2018). Juvenile pigeons cannot stand until about 1 week of age.…”

Section: Ontogenetic Changes In Cross-sectional Circularitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ontogenetic changes of geometrical and mechanical characteristics of the avian femur: a comparison between precocial and altricial birds

Wei

Zhang

2019

Journal of Anatomy

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The mechanical performance of limb bones is closely associated with an animal's locomotor capability and is thus important to our understanding of animal behaviour. This study combined a geometrical analysis and three‐point bending tests to address the question of how the mechanical performance of the femurs of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) and pigeon (Columba livia domestica) respond to changing functional demands during ontogeny. Results showed that hatchling quails had stiff bone tissues, and the femoral ultimate loads scaled negatively with body mass, corresponding to high functional demands during early growth. The hatchling pigeon femora had weak material properties but they showed a dramatic increase in Young's modulus during growth. Consequently, although femoral cross‐sectional geometry showed negative allometry, the ultimate loads scaled positively with body mass. Older pigeons had more circular bone cross‐sections than younger pigeons, probably due to load stimulation changes occurred shortly after the onset of locomotion. Negative allometry and isometry of the cross‐sectional geometry of hind limb bones were observed in flying birds and ground‐dwelling birds, respectively. The correspondence between geometrical change and locomotor pattern suggests that ontogenetic changes in cross‐sectional geometry may be an effective indicator of avian locomotor behaviour.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ontogenetic Changes In Cross-sectional Circularitymentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Ontogenetic Changes In Cross-sectional Circularitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ontogenetic changes of geometrical and mechanical characteristics of the avian femur: a comparison between precocial and altricial birds

Wei

Zhang

2019

Journal of Anatomy

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“…Support for this concept comes from observations that interlimb diaphyseal strength proportions in gorillas correlate closely with transitions in locomotor behavior over development, rather than scaling isometrically, suggesting that increases in bone strength relative to length are not solely products of normal growth, but adaptive responses to behavioral change (Ruff et al, 2013, 2018). The effects of locomotor behavior over gorilla development also impact diaphyseal shape (Canington et al, 2018). Similar research on chimpanzee limb strength proportions determined that femoral strength becomes relatively greater than humeral strength over development as a means of supporting a transition to hindlimb locomotor dominance (Sarringhaus et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A greater representation of cranial over postcranial data in GM growth trajectory studies may be related to the stronger phylogenetic compared with functional signals incorporated in the skull (Rawlinson et al, 1995; Lieberman, 1996; Terhune et al, 2014). Even so, comparing ontogenetic trajectories through a functional adaptive lens can be an intuitive way to study postcranial shape, especially when infant populations exhibit greater morphological similarity to each other than their adult counterparts (Canington et al, 2018; Schultz, 1924).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ontogenetic and morphological variation in primate long bones reflects signals of size and behavior

Nadell

Elton

Kovarovic

2020

American J Phys Anthropol

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Objectives: Many primates change their locomotor behavior as they mature from infancy to adulthood. Here we investigate how long bone cross-sectional geometry in Pan, Gorilla, Pongo, Hylobatidae, and Macaca varies in shape and form over ontogeny, including whether specific diaphyseal cross sections exhibit signals of periosteal adaptation or canalization. Materials and methods: Diaphyseal cross sections were analyzed in an ontogenetic series across infant, juvenile, and adult subgroups. Three-dimensional laser-scanned long bone models were sectioned at midshaft (50% of biomechanical length) and distally (20%) along the humerus and femur. Traditional axis ratios acted as indices of cross-sectional circularity, while geometric morphometric techniques were used to study cross-sectional allometry and ontogenetic trajectory. Results: The humeral midshaft is a strong indicator of posture and locomotor profile in the sample across development, while the mid-femur appears more reflective of shifts in size. By comparison, the distal diaphyses of both limb elements are more ontogenetically constrained, where periosteal shape is largely static across development relative to size, irrespective of a given taxon's behavior or ecology. Discussion: Primate limb shape is not only highly variable between taxa over development, but at discrete humeral and femoral diaphyseal locations. Overall, periosteal shape of the humeral and femoral midshaft cross sections closely reflects ontogenetic transitions in behavior and size, respectively, while distal shape in both bones appears more genetically constrained across intraspecific development, regardless of posture or size. These findings support prior research on tradeoffs between function and safety along the limbs.

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Ontogeny of the distal femoral metaphyseal surface and its relationship to locomotor behavior in hominoids

Stamos

Weaver

2020

American J Phys Anthropol

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ObjectiveDistal femoral metaphyseal surface morphology is highly variable in extant mammals. This variation has previously been linked to differences in locomotor behavior. We perform the first systematic survey and description of the development of this morphology in extant hominoids.Materials and methodsWe collected 3D surface laser scans of the femora of 179 human and great ape individuals throughout all subadult stages of development. We qualitatively and quantitatively describe metaphyseal surface morphology.ResultsWe find that the metaphysis is topographically simple in all hominoids during the fetal and infant periods relative to later developmental periods, and in apes it develops significant complexity throughout development. Humans, by contrast, retain relatively flat metaphyseal surfaces throughout ontogeny.DiscussionMajor shifts in morphology appear to coincide with major shifts in locomotor behavior, suggesting that metaphyseal morphology is developmentally plastic and highly dependent on the biomechanical loadings at the knee joint. This is consistent with a large body of biomedical research, which demonstrates the primacy of mechanical forces in determining growth plate ossification patterns. Additionally, specific metaphyseal morphology appears highly correlated with specific locomotor modes, suggesting that metaphyseal surface morphology will be useful for reconstructing the locomotor behavior of fossil primate taxa.

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Long bone diaphyseal shape follows different ontogenetic trajectories in captive and wild gorillas

Abstract: Captive and wild G. gorilla follow different ontogenetic trajectories in long bone diaphyseal shape, corresponding to environmental differences and subsequent modified locomotor behaviors. Differences related to phylogeny are most evident early in development.

Cited by 22 publications

References 66 publications

Ontogenetic changes of geometrical and mechanical characteristics of the avian femur: a comparison between precocial and altricial birds

Ontogenetic changes of geometrical and mechanical characteristics of the avian femur: a comparison between precocial and altricial birds

Ontogenetic and morphological variation in primate long bones reflects signals of size and behavior

Ontogeny of the distal femoral metaphyseal surface and its relationship to locomotor behavior in hominoids

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