Lokomotionsstudie und Funktionsanalyse der epaxonischen Muskulatur beim Nilkrokodil Crocodilus niloticus (Reptila, Crocodylia)

Bornhauser, C.; Ziswiler, Vinzenz

doi:10.5962/bhl.part.117743

Cited by 3 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…Zug 29 alleged bounding in C. porosus at up to 18 ms −1 , which is faster than most land animals 37 ; this was an error and ~1.8 ms −1 was intended 27 . Bornhauser and Ziswiler 31 obtained similar velocities (0.4 to 2.0 ms −1 ) for a galloping C. niloticus . Velocities faster than 5 ms −1 have never been recorded for Crocodylia — up to 4.7 ms −1 maximal velocities were measured for C. johnstoni 27,28 , with similar estimates for C. niloticus 30 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 63%

“…Bounding (synchronized left-right forelimb and hindlimb motions separated by an aerial phase) and galloping (slightly asynchronous left-right motions; essentially a slower version of bounding) gaits have been described for some Crocodylus species, especially C. johnstoni 27,28 , C. porosus 29 and C. niloticus 30,31 . It is often misquoted in general media or natural history accounts that C. johnstoni is the only crocodylian known to gallop or bound; some 27 wondered if its bounding ability was “unique” but it is clear that this capacity is more broadly distributed within Crocodylia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Complex interplay between vertebrae, osteoderms, connective tissue, skin and muscle 39–42 as well as flexibility and stiffness of the intervertebral joints 43,44 may be critical elements. This complexity is augmented by the fact that the axial column switches from its plesiomorphic function of lateral undulation to a derived dorsoventral undulatory motion in bounding and galloping Crocodylia 28,31 . The amount of lateral undulation was presumably reduced in more erect stem archosaurs and then increased back to near-ancestral levels in later Crocodylomorpha [e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Divergent evolution of terrestrial locomotor abilities in extant Crocodylia

Hutchinson

Felkler

Houston

et al. 2019

Sci Rep

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Extant Crocodylia are exceptional because they employ almost the full range of quadrupedal footfall patterns (“gaits”) used by mammals; including asymmetrical gaits such as galloping and bounding. Perhaps this capacity evolved in stem Crocodylomorpha, during the Triassic when taxa were smaller, terrestrial, and long-legged. However, confusion about which Crocodylia use asymmetrical gaits and why persists, impeding reconstructions of locomotor evolution. Our experimental gait analysis of locomotor kinematics across 42 individuals from 15 species of Crocodylia obtained 184 data points for a wide velocity range (0.15–4.35 ms−1). Our results suggest either that asymmetrical gaits are ancestral for Crocodylia and lost in the alligator lineage, or that asymmetrical gaits evolved within Crocodylia at the base of the crocodile line. Regardless, we recorded usage of asymmetrical gaits in 7 species of Crocodyloidea (crocodiles); including novel documentation of these behaviours in 5 species (3 critically endangered). Larger Crocodylia use relatively less extreme gait kinematics consistent with steeply decreasing athletic ability with size. We found differences between asymmetrical and symmetrical gaits in Crocodylia: asymmetrical gaits involved greater size-normalized stride frequencies and smaller duty factors (relative ground contact times), consistent with increased mechanical demands. Remarkably, these gaits did not differ in maximal velocities obtained: whether in Alligatoroidea or Crocodyloidea, trotting or bounding achieved similar velocities, revealing that the alligator lineage is capable of hitherto unappreciated extreme locomotor performance despite a lack of asymmetrical gait usage. Hence asymmetrical gaits have benefits other than velocity capacity that explain their prevalence in Crocodyloidea and absence in Alligatoroidea—and their broader evolution.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 63%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Divergent evolution of terrestrial locomotor abilities in extant Crocodylia

Hutchinson

Felkler

Houston

et al. 2019

Sci Rep

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“…1). M. tendinoarticularis is either regarded as an autonomous muscle (Hair, 1868;Frey, 1988a;Salisbury, 2001), or as part of the m. transversospinalis group (Gasc, 1981;Bornhauser and Ziswiler, 1983;Tsuihiji, 2005;Organ, 2006). The latter hypothesis (Table 1) is supported by the innervation pattern of the epaxial muscles in the trunk (Murakami et al, 1991).…”

Section: Configuration and Homology Of Thoracic Epaxial Musculature Imentioning

confidence: 97%

“…1B). At its caudal end, m. iliocostalis forms a strong aponeurosis, which inserts at the strongly rugose craniodorsal tubercle of the ilium (Bornhauser and Ziswiler, 1983;Frey, 1988a).…”

Section: Iliocostalismentioning

confidence: 99%

Reconstruction of the thoracic epaxial musculature of diplodocid and dicraeosaurid sauropods

Schwarz

2009

Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology

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ABSTRACT-Thoracic epaxial muscles of diplodocid and dicraeosaurid sauropods are reconstructed for the first time using an Extant Phylogenetic Bracket approach. In the dorsal vertebral column, three different epaxial muscle groups were present. The medialmost m. transversospinalis and the laterally adjacent m. longissimus dorsi were connected to the neural arches. The lateralmost m. iliocostalis was connected to the dorsal ribs. The medial part of m. transversospinalis of diplodocids and dicraeosaurids comprised at least two tendon systems that had a trellis-like arrangement. Osteological characters of the dorsal vertebrae in related taxa suggest a similar configuration of the thoracic epaxial muscles in all eusauropods, although there was variation in tendon arrangements and in the cross-section of each muscle. The thoracic epaxial musculature in eusauropods played an important role for trunk support; its variation in different eusauropods is directly connected with bony support structures and influenced the mobility of the trunk and locomotion. Modifications in the thoracic epaxial musculature are especially apparent in Saltasauridae, which suggests differences in their locomotor capabilities, such as increased trunk mobility or larger stride lengths.

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Reconstruction of the bracing system of the trunk and tail in hyposaurine dyrosaurids (Crocodylomorpha; Mesoeucrocodylia)

Schwarz

Frey

Martin

2009

Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology

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Lokomotionsstudie und Funktionsanalyse der epaxonischen Muskulatur beim Nilkrokodil Crocodilus niloticus (Reptila, Crocodylia)

Abstract: Revue suisse Zool. Lokomotionsstudie und Funktionsanalyse der epaxonischen Muskulatur beim Nilkrokodil Crocodilus niloticus (Reptilia, Crocodylia) ' von

Cited by 3 publications

References 3 publications

Divergent evolution of terrestrial locomotor abilities in extant Crocodylia

Divergent evolution of terrestrial locomotor abilities in extant Crocodylia

Reconstruction of the thoracic epaxial musculature of diplodocid and dicraeosaurid sauropods

Reconstruction of the bracing system of the trunk and tail in hyposaurine dyrosaurids (Crocodylomorpha; Mesoeucrocodylia)

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