Logic Programming with Post-Quantum Cryptographic Primitives for Smart Contract on Quantum-Secured Blockchain

Abstract

This paper investigates the usage of logic and logic programming in the design of smart contracts. Our starting point is the logic-based programming language for smart contracts used in a recently proposed framework of quantum-secured blockchain, called Logicontract (LC). We then extend the logic used in LC by answer set programming (ASP), a modern approach to declarative logic programming. Using ASP enables us to write various interesting smart contracts, such as conditional payment, commitment, multi-party lottery and legal service. A striking feature of our ASP implementation proposal is that it involves post-quantum cryptographic primitives, such as the lattice-based public key encryption and signature. The adoption of the post-quantum cryptographic signature overcomes a specific limitation of LC in which the unconditionally secure signature, despite its strength, offers limited protection for users of the same node.

Building Resilient Web 3.0 with Quantum Information Technologies and Blockchain: An Ambilateral View

“…For example, Karbasi et al in [61] have proposed an end-to-end encryption scheme to protect against man-in-the-middle and eavesdropping attacks. In [62], to use a logic-based smart contract programming language in a recently proposed quantum-secure blockchain framework, the authors investigate the use of logic and logic programming in smart contract design. The authors propose a logic-based smart contract programming language called Logicontract (LC), where the logic used in LC is extended with modern declarative logic programming methods.…”

“…Blockchain scalability [101] Decentralization using quantum blockchain [99] Auction on quantum blockchain [97] Quantum-based privacy-preserving auction [98] Quantum e-payment protocol [91] Quantum NFT for blockchain [57] A novel e-payment protocol [92] Crypto-currency system with QKD [57] Quantum digital signature [75] Blockchain cryptography resistant to quantum computing attacks [22] Smart contract based on quantum blind signature [59] Logic programming for smart contract [62] Consensus based on post-quantum signature [49] Quantum-enhanced logic-based blockchain [45] A stake vote consensus algorithm [7] Post-quantum blockchain for a scalable smart city [125] Blockchain in the quantum world [8] Quantum-secured blockchain [11] Anti-quantum attribute-based signature [106] Quantum cryptography-as-a-service [136]…”

A Quantum Blind Multi-Signature Method for the Industrial Blockchain

“…Hence, the available post-quantum signature schemes are necessary to better meet the security requirements of future blockchain, where most are classic post-quantum signature methods. Because this kind of post-quantum signature schemes do not need to greatly change the classic architecture of the existing industrial blockchain, they have gained a lot of views, such as the post-quantum smart contract [6], post-quantum cryptocurrency scheme [7], post-quantum multi-secret sharing [8], anti-quantum proxy blind signature [9], lattice-based signature scheme [10][11][12], etc.…”

“…Recent anti-quantum technologies can be divided into two main categories. The one kind is the classic anti-quantum technologies, including the post-quantum smart contract [6], post-quantum cryptocurrency scheme [7], post-quantum multi-secret sharing [8], anti-quantum proxy blind signature [9], lattice-based signature scheme [10][11][12], etc. Although these classic anti-quantum technologies are promising to secure the blockchain architecture and digital assets, they suffer from algorithm complexity and environmental vulnerability along with the increasing scale of blockchain.…”

“…Nevertheless, research studies on anti-quantum technologies of blockchain have neglected the multi-signature transactions, which are very popular in industrial blockchain [16,17]. Both classic anti-quantum technologies [6][7][8][9][10][11][12] and quantum antiquantum technologies [13][14][15] cannot be directly used in the multi-signature transactions of blockchain to provide quantum resistance and blockchain scalability. Moreover, the existing multi-signature schemes in blockchain [16,17] cannot both provide anti-quantum security and keep the computational performance and the scalability of blockchain.…”