Logic Gates and Elementary Computing by Enzymes

Abstract

Different selected enzymes, glucose oxidase (GOx), catalase (Cat), glucose dehydrogenase (GDH), horseradish peroxidase (HRP), and formaldehyde dehydrogenase (FDH), are used alone or coupled to construct eight different logic gates. The added substrates for the respective enzymes, glucose and H(2)O(2), act as the gate inputs, while the biocatalytically generated gluconic acid or NADH are the output signals that follow the operation of the gates. Different enzyme-based gates are XOR, INHIBIT A, INHIBIT B, AND, OR, NOR, Identity and Inverter gates. By combining the AND and XOR or the XOR and INHIBIT A gates, the half-adder and half-subtractor are constructed, respectively, opening the way to elementary computing by the use of enzymes.

Synthesizing AND gate genetic circuits based on CRISPR-Cas9 for identification of bladder cancer cells

“…An AND gate is a basic digital logic gate that integrates multiple input signals and has a high output only if all the inputs are high. Different logic AND gates have been built using various biomolecules, such as aptamers 18,19 , amber suppressor tRNAs 20 , deoxyribozyme 21 , protein enzyme 22 , repressor proteins 23 and transcriptional effectors 4,24,25 . It has been proposed that the AND gate can increase the sensing specificity by integrating multiple signals, each of which is too general to identify a specific cellular environment.…”

Control of Noise in Chemical and Biochemical Information Processing

“…Furthermore, the biocatalytic nature of many utilized biomolecular processes, offers certain advantages for analog noise control in the binary-gate circuit design paradigm. [17] Proteins/enzymes [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][14][15][16][17][19][20][161][162][163][164][165] and DNA/RNA/DNAzymes [6,7,[166][167][168][169][170][171][172][173][174][175][176][177][178][179][180][181][182] have been extensively used for gates, for realizing small networks and computational units, and for systems motivated [183] by applications.…”

Extended Linear Response for Bioanalytical Applications Using Multiple Enzymes

“…These developments have been motivated by interest in information and signal processing of the "digital" nature, by utilizing chemical [1][2][3][4][5] and biochemical [6][7][8][9][10] information processing, including that based on enzymatic processes. 11,12 Many of the studied designs have aimed at mimicking binary logic gate functions, [13][14][15] arithmetic operations, 16 and generally Boolean logic circuits. 14,17,18 New applications have been contemplated for multiple-input analytical systems with response/actuation of the threshold nature.…”