“…Conversely, some studies have found no significant differences between ACOAs and non-ACOAs on birth order (Harman, Armsworth, Hwang, & Vincent, 1991) or locus of control and self-esteem (Churchill, Broida, & Nicholson, 1990). Likewise, Berkowitz and Perkins (1988) found ACOAs similar to their peers on impulsiveness, lack of tension, other-directedness, directiveness, need for social support, and sociability.…”