“…The tendency to view outcomes as externally rather than internally determined has been found to be related to a variety of negative child outcomes. As compared to internality, childhood externality has been related to a greater likelihood of being sexually abused (Beach & Ford, 2006), depressed (Benassi, Sweeney, & Dufour, 1988;Luthar, & Blatt, 1993), anxious (Li & Chung, 2009), bullied (Kokknos & Panayiotou, 2007), enuretic (Butler, 2001), as well as having psychotic symptoms (Thompson, Sullivan, Lewis et al, 2011), learning disabilities (Dueley-Marling, Snider, & Traver, 1982), attention deficit disorders (Ialongo, Horn, Pascoe et al, 1993), suicidal behavior (Liu, Tein, Zhao, & Sandler, 2005), a lack of persistence (McLeod, 1985), and adjustment difficulties in adulthood (Gale, Batty, & Deary, 2008).…”