“…One of the challenges faced in understanding memory is how to visualize and capture the ever-changing memory traces in the brain at the cellular level. In this regard, the concept of engram cells provided scientists with a meaningful target to study memory (Buhusi and Buhusi, 2023 ; Dai et al, 2023 ; Gall et al, 2023 ; Ghandour and Inokuchi, 2023 ; Hammack et al, 2023 ; Jung et al, 2023 ; Kenna et al, 2023 ; Lee C. et al, 2023 ; Mohanta et al, 2023 ; Nomoto et al, 2023 ; Okray et al, 2023 ; Osanai et al, 2023 ; Park et al, 2023 ; Rahsepar et al, 2023 ; Schott, 2023 ; Terranova et al, 2023 ; Wilmerding et al, 2023 ). In the 1950's, certain scientists could not identify engram cells due to a lack of technology (Lashley, 1931 , 1950 , 1963 ).…”