Locomotor projections from the pedunculopontine nucleus to the medioventral medulla

Skinner, R.D.; Kinjo, Noriko; Ishikawa, Yasunari; Biedermann, JoAnn; García‐Rill, Edgar

doi:10.1097/00001756-199011000-00008

Cited by 72 publications

(38 citation statements)

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“…Noting that the PPN and cMRF, ventral thalamus, and premotor/motor cortices project serially to each other, the PPN and cMRF could function as part of a thalamo-cortico-brainstem loop governing vestibular processing. The cMRF, via cervical spinal cord connections (Veazey and Severin, 1980b, Warren et al, 2008), and PPN, via pontine and medullary reticulopsinal connections (Garcia-Rill and Skinner, 1987, Skinner et al, 1990b, Takakusaki et al, 1996, Whelan, 1996, Jordan, 1998, Garcia-Rill et al, 2001), could then presumably initiate compensatory changes in neck (Pathmanathan et al, 2006a, Pathmanathan et al, 2006b), postural, and limb tone (Takakusaki et al, 1994, Takakusaki et al, 2003, Takakusaki et al, 2004a, Takakusaki et al, 2004b) to respond to vestibular stimuli. .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The cMRF might thus be involved in postural control during turning via its connections with the PPN. The PPN, in turn, can modulate postural tone (Takakusaki et al, 1994, Takakusaki et al, 2003, Takakusaki et al, 2004a, Takakusaki et al, 2004b) and locomotion (Garcia-Rill, 1986, Garcia-Rill et al, 1987, Garcia-Rill and Skinner, 1988, Garcia-Rill et al, 2004) via connections with pontine and medullary reticulospinal neurons (Garcia-Rill and Skinner, 1987, Skinner et al, 1990b, Takakusaki et al, 1996, Whelan, 1996, Jordan, 1998, Garcia-Rill et al, 2001) and subsequent activation of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spinal motoneurons (Grillner and Shik, 1973, Steeves and Jordan, 1980, Noga et al, 1991, Whelan, 1996, Jordan, 1998, Noga et al, 2003, Dai et al, 2005). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The PPN also projects to multiple thalamic nuclei including the ventral posterior thalamus (Smith et al, 1988, Steriade et al, 1988, Lavoie and Parent, 1994b, Newman and Ginsberg, 1994, Erro et al, 1999) and is reciprocally connected with multiple basal ganglia nuclei (Parent and Smith, 1987, Lavoie and Parent, 1994b, a, Charara et al, 1996). Descending projections include primarily non-cholinergic efferents to the cervical and thoracic spinal cord (Goldsmith and van der Kooy, 1988, Rye et al, 1988, Spann and Grofova, 1989, Skinner et al, 1990a, Aravamuthan et al, 2007) and primarily cholinergic efferents to the pontine and medullary reticular formations (Garcia-Rill and Skinner, 1987, Skinner et al, 1990b, Takakusaki et al, 1996, Whelan, 1996, Jordan, 1998, Garcia-Rill et al, 2001) including projections to a large portion of medullary reticulospinal neurons (Garcia-Rill and Skinner, 1987). It is these reticulopsinal connections that are thought to mediate the induction of locomotion (Grillner and Shik, 1973, Steeves and Jordan, 1980, Noga et al, 1991, Whelan, 1996, Jordan, 1998, Noga et al, 2003, Dai et al, 2005) and the changes in postural and limb tone (Takakusaki et al, 1994, Takakusaki et al, 2003, Takakusaki et al, 2004a, Takakusaki et al, 2004b) noted with PPN chemical or electrical stimulation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Vestibular responses in the macaque pedunculopontine nucleus and central mesencephalic reticular formation

Aravamuthan¹,

Angelaki²

2012

Neuroscience

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The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) and central mesencephalic reticular formation (cMRF) both send projections and receive input from areas with known vestibular responses. Noting their connections with the basal ganglia, the locomotor disturbances that occur following lesions of the PPN or cMRF, and the encouraging results of PPN deep brain stimulation in Parkinson’s disease patients, both the PPN and cMRF have been linked to motor control. In order to determine the existence of and characterize vestibular responses in the PPN and cMRF, we recorded single neurons from both structures during vertical and horizontal rotation, translation, and visual pursuit stimuli. The majority of PPN cells (72.5%) were vestibular-only cells that responded exclusively to rotation and translation stimuli but not visual pursuit. Visual pursuit responses were much more prevalent in the cMRF (57.1%) though close to half of cMRF cells were vestibular-only cells (41.1%). Directional preferences also differed between the PPN, which was preferentially modulated during nose-down pitch, and cMRF, which was preferentially modulated during ipsilateral yaw rotation. Finally, amplitude responses were similar between the PPN and cMRF during rotation and pursuit stimuli, but PPN responses to translation were of higher amplitude than cMRF responses. Taken together with their connections to the vestibular circuit, these results implicate the PPN and cMRF in the processing of vestibular stimuli and suggest important roles for both in responding to motion perturbations like falls and turns.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Vestibular responses in the macaque pedunculopontine nucleus and central mesencephalic reticular formation

Aravamuthan¹,

Angelaki²

2012

Neuroscience

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“…With regard to the motor nature of the PPTg, this is supported by the PPTg being part of most of the mesencephalic locomotor region, by its connections with subcortical and cortical motor structures, by its fibers innervating lower brainstem and reticulospinal neurons, by its activation in locomotor imagery tasks, by its neurons that discharge in relation to limb movements and, finally, by improvements of motor disabilities induced by its continuous electrical stimulation in PD patients [29,[33][34][35]169,[179][180][181][182][183][184].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Participation of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus in arousal-demanding functions

Vitale¹,

Capozzo²,

Mazzone³

et al. 2017

Transl Brain Rhythmicity

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The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) is part of the locomotor mesencephalic region and the reticular activating system (RAS). As such, it is involved in regulating some aspects of the motor control and the wake/sleep cycle, but the way in which it operates is unclear. PPTg neurons respond to a variety of sensory stimuli and to cues that trigger the execution of goal-directed motor acts. In this paper, we discuss data that suggest that in addition to operating via thalamic nuclei, the PPTg may also operate by activating cerebellar nuclei, especially the dentate nucleus. In such a way, an intense and diffuse activation of the cerebral cortex may be achieved. In arousal-demanding reward-related tasks, separate populations of PPTg neurons modulate their discharge pattern to encode, in particular, expectancy and magnitude of reward. These neuronal responses, which should reach thalamic, basal ganglia, and cerebellar nuclei through ascending PPTg fibers are essential for the formation of stimuli-reward associations and action selection. In parallel, PPTg neurons, via descending fibers directed to lower brainstem and spinal motor structures, may automatically influence motor mechanisms and muscle tone in order to cause movements that are executed in a smooth and timely manner. In patients affected by Parkinson's disease, PPTg deep brain stimulation may increase arousal, thus making patients more attentive to behavioral stimuli that trigger motor act, while simultaneously facilitating movement.

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“…The collaterals of PPN-thalamic pathways are the main source of dopaminergic innervations for midbrain neurons [24,25]. There are two main brainstem structures connected with the PPN: brainstem reticular nuclei (pontine reticular nuclei oralis and caudal, ventromedial portion of gigantocellular nucleus) and periaqueductal grey matter [26]. The PPN projections to the cerebellar fastigial nucleus, red nucleus and spinal cord play an important role in the genesis of axial symptoms in PD [27,28].…”

Section: Anatomy Of Pedunculopontine Nucleusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pedunculopontine nucleus deep brain stimulation in Parkinson’s disease

Tykocki¹,

Mandat²,

Nauman³

2011

aoms

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Postural instability and gait difficulty (PIGD) are commonly observed in advanced Parkinson’s disease. The neuronal mechanism of PIGD is not fully understood. Dysfunction of the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) might be a possible cause of these symptoms. The autopsy studies of subjects with PIGD revealed a neurodegenerative process involving mainly PPN cholinergic neurons. The PPN participates in the locomotion processes by initiation, modulation and execution of stereotyped patterns of movement. The standard neurosurgical treatment of PD is subthalamic deep brain stimulation (STN DBS). Clinical results revealed low efficiency of STN DBS on PIGD. Preliminary results of simultaneous PPN and STN DBS are very promising. Only a few reports have been published until now; a significant improvement of PIGD was observed in both ON and OFF L-dopa states.

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Locomotor projections from the pedunculopontine nucleus to the medioventral medulla

Cited by 72 publications

References 0 publications

Vestibular responses in the macaque pedunculopontine nucleus and central mesencephalic reticular formation

Vestibular responses in the macaque pedunculopontine nucleus and central mesencephalic reticular formation

Participation of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus in arousal-demanding functions

Pedunculopontine nucleus deep brain stimulation in Parkinson’s disease

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