Locomotor kinetics on sloped arboreal and terrestrial substrates in a small quadrupedal mammal

Lammers, Andrew R.

doi:10.1016/j.zool.2006.12.002

Cited by 45 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…If chameleons avoid pitching backwards on inclines or forwards on declines, we should observe either an increase in backward reach of the hindlimbs during upwards locomotion or an increase in forward reach of the forelimbs during downward locomotion, as seen in several primates and marsupials (Lammers, 2007;Stevens et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Schmitt, 2010) and almost all studies focusing on climbing to date do not include kinetics (mammals: Nakano, 2002;Nyakatura et al, 2008;Schmidt and Fischer, 2010;Shapiro and Young, 2010;Stevens et al, 2011;lizards: Higham and Jayne, 2004a;Higham and Jayne, 2004b;Foster and Higham, 2012). Besides the studies of vertical climbing in Old and New World monkeys (Hirasaki et al, 1993;Hirasaki et al, 2000;Nakano, 2002;Hanna and Schmitt, 2011), only one study to date has investigated the kinetics of small-branch locomotion on shallow inclines and declines [in Monodelphis domestica (Lammers, 2007)]. In lizards, there exists a fair number of studies investigating the effect of sloped surfaces on running performance as well as one kinetic analysis of geckos running vertically (Huey and Hertz, 1982;Irschick and Jayne, 1998;Jayne and Irschick, 1999;Autumn et al, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, kinetic data of lizards moving on inclined and declined perches are lacking. Despite theoretical assumptions, such as differences in force distribution between the forelimbs and hindlimbs (for details, see Lammers, 2007), deviations from these assumptions are likely to occur due to behavioral as well as morphological adaptations that differ between species (Nakano, 2002;Preuschoft, 2002). For example, peak vertical forces of the forelimbs and hindlimbs differ depending on the degree of climbing specialization in primate species moving on vertical inclines [Ateles geoffroy, Macaca fuscata (Hirasaki et al, 1993); Macaca fascicularis (Hanna and Schmitt, 2011)].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, chameleons are expected to reduce peak vertical forces in order to minimize oscillations of the CoM and therefore maximize stability during walking on inclined/declined substrates. A reduction of peak vertical forces could be obtained by lowering the pivot height and/or by increasing the contact time of the forelimbs and hindlimbs, as seen in several mammals and marsupials moving on small branches (Lammers, 2007;Schmidt and Fischer, 2010;Stevens et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, rotational moments are expected to play a minor role in stabilization on small branches in chameleons for this experimental setup. However, shear forces are expected to increase the more the limb is placed laterally and/or the more the limb is loaded (Lammers, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biodynamics of climbing: effects of substrate orientation on the locomotion of a highly arboreal lizard (Chamaeleo calyptratus)

Krause

Fischer

2012

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYArboreal substrates differ not only in diameter, but also in continuity and orientation. To gain more insight into the dynamics of small-branch locomotion in tetrapods we studied the veiled chameleon walking on inclined and declined perches of up to 60deg slope. We found that forelimbs and hindlimbs contribute equally to the bodyʼs progression along inclines and declines. The higher-positioned limbʼs vertical impulses decreased with slope. And although vertical impulses in the lower-positioned limb increased with substrate slope, peak vertical forces decreased. The decrease in peak vertical forces in the lower-positioned limb can be explained by a considerable increase of tensile forces in the higher-positioned limb as the slope increases. In addition, limbs were more crouched on slopes whereas no changes in forward and backward reach were observed. Mediolateral impulses were the smallest amongst the force components, and lateral impulses (medially directed limb forces) exceeded medial impulses (laterally directed limb forces). On inclines and declines, limb placement was more variable than on level substrates. The tail never contacted the substrate during level locomotion; however, on inclines and declines, the tail was held closer to the substrate, with short substrate contacts in one-third of the analyzed trials. Regardless of substrate orientation the tail was always held straight above the branch; therefore, rotational moments induced by the tail were minimized. Supplementary material available online at

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Biodynamics of climbing: effects of substrate orientation on the locomotion of a highly arboreal lizard (Chamaeleo calyptratus)

Krause

Fischer

2012

Journal of Experimental Biology

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Locomotion of an adult female and juvenile male aye‐aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis) in Torotorofotsy, Madagascar

Sefczek

McGraw

Faralahy

et al. 2021

American J Primatol

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Aye-ayes (Daubentonia madagascariensis) locate and acquire invertebrates from within woody substrates at all levels of the rainforest; yet how their locomotion helps them accommodate this diet has not been explored in detail. We studied the locomotor behavior of an adult female (N = 1,085) and juvenile male (N = 708) ayeaye in the undisturbed forest of Torotorofotsy, Madagascar from May to December 2017. We used bout sampling to record locomotion during foraging and travel of the two radio-collared individuals. We used χ 2 tests to compare overall locomotion, travel, and foraging, as well as strata and support use. We performed a correspondence analysis to examine relationships between individual behaviors, strata, and support types. Leaping accounted for 47.9% and 50.1% of all locomotor activity in the adult female and juvenile male, respectively. Leaping was the most common behavior during travel in both individuals (59.2% and 53.9%, respectively), whereas head-first descent was most frequent during foraging (35.0% and 48.0%, respectively). For all three locomotor categories, the main canopy (40.3%-79.6%) was used most frequently and trunks were the most frequently used support type (50.7%-60.0%). There is a strong association between strata and support use overall and during travel. Quadrupedal walking was significantly associated with the main canopy, as was head-first descent with the low canopy. Our analysis demonstrates that aye-ayes use a variety of locomotor behaviors to forage for invertebrates.Aye-ayes' ability to repurpose their positional repertoire to acquire other resources in degraded forests should not obscure the importance of invertebrates to this species.

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Arboreal Habitat Structure Affects Locomotor Speed and Perch Choice of White‐Footed Mice (Peromyscus leucopus)

Hyams¹,

Jayne²,

Cameron³

2012

J. Exp. Zool.

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Arboreal habitats pose several challenges for locomotion resulting from narrow cylindrical surfaces, steep slopes, and secondary branches that can form obstructions. We used laboratory trials to test whether different diameters, slopes, or complexity of branches affected maximum speeds and perch choice of the semi-arboreal white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus). We tested locomotor performance of mice running horizontally and up and down 45° slopes for cylindrical artificial branches with five diameters ranging from 10 to 116 mm and on a subset of diameters for cylinders that were horizontal and had pegs (e.g., secondary branches) every 10 or 20 cm. Slope, diameter, and presence of pegs on top of cylinders had significant and interactive effects on locomotor performance. On horizontal cylinders the speed of mice increased with increased diameter among the three smallest diameters, but changed little with further increases in diameter, whereas for sloped surfaces the extreme diameters had lower speeds than an intermediate diameter. For a given diameter, the speeds of mice were usually faster when running horizontally rather than running uphill or downhill. The presence of pegs greatly decreased running speed compared to unobstructed surfaces, but the magnitude of this effect decreased as diameter increased. The difficulties of maintaining balance and avoiding toppling may have caused much of the decrease in speed and associated increased amounts of pausing. Only 1 of 11 choice tests detected a significant bias of mice favoring the perch that maximized locomotor performance.

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Locomotor kinetics on sloped arboreal and terrestrial substrates in a small quadrupedal mammal

Cited by 45 publications

References 28 publications

Biodynamics of climbing: effects of substrate orientation on the locomotion of a highly arboreal lizard (Chamaeleo calyptratus)

Biodynamics of climbing: effects of substrate orientation on the locomotion of a highly arboreal lizard (Chamaeleo calyptratus)

Locomotion of an adult female and juvenile male aye‐aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis) in Torotorofotsy, Madagascar

Arboreal Habitat Structure Affects Locomotor Speed and Perch Choice of White‐Footed Mice (Peromyscus leucopus)

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