Locomotion in restricted space: Kinematic and electromyographic analysis of stoopwalking and crawling

Gallagher, Sean; Pollard, Jonisha P.; Porter, William L.

doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2010.09.027

Cited by 28 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 11 publications

(16 reference statements)

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“…Cycle duration did not show difference between the upper and lower limbs, and swing duration was found consistently shorter in the upper limbs compared with the lower limbs. These results are consistent with those in related works [3,21,22]. Additionally, we observed that when crawling speed increased, the proportion of two-limb stance duration increased, the proportions of three-limb stance duration and four-limb stance duration decreased, and one-limb stance appeared at a very high speed.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…When crawling speed increased, cycle duration decreased and the proportion of swing time increased [3]. In addition, cycle duration did not show a difference between the upper and lower limbs, and the swing duration was consistently shorter in the upper limbs compared with the lower limbs [3,21]. Compared with the high speed, human adults showed a greater occurrence of IPL value around 25% (no limb pairing) at low speed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigation on Inter-Limb Coordination and Motion Stability, Intensity and Complexity of Trunk and Limbs during Hands-Knees Crawling in Human Adults

Chen

Cao

et al. 2017

Sensors

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This study aimed to investigate the inter-limb coordination pattern and the stability, intensity, and complexity of the trunk and limbs motions in human crawling under different speeds. Thirty healthy human adults finished hands-knees crawling trials on a treadmill at six different speeds (from 1 km/h to 2.5 km/h). A home-made multi-channel acquisition system consisting of five 3-axis accelerometers (ACC) and four force sensors was used for the data collection. Ipsilateral phase lag was used to represent inter-limb coordination pattern during crawling and power, harmonic ratio, and sample entropy of acceleration signals were adopted to depict the motion intensity, stability, and complexity of trunk and limbs respectively. Our results revealed some relationships between inter-limb coordination patterns and the stability and complexity of trunk movement. Trot-like crawling pattern was found to be the most stable and regular one at low speed in the view of trunk movement, and no-limb-pairing pattern showed the lowest stability and the greatest complexity at high speed. These relationships could be used to explain why subjects tended to avoid no-limb-pairing pattern when speed was over 2 km/h no matter which coordination type they used at low speeds. This also provided the evidence that the central nervous system (CNS) chose a stable inter-limb coordination pattern to keep the body safe and avoid tumbling. Although considerable progress has been made in the study of four-limb locomotion, much less is known about the reasons for the variety of inter-limb coordination. The research results of the exploration on the inter-limb coordination pattern choice during crawling from the standpoint of the motion stability, intensity, and complexity of trunk and limbs sheds light on the underlying motor control strategy of the human CNS and has important significance in the fields of clinical diagnosis, rehabilitation engineering, and kinematics research.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation on Inter-Limb Coordination and Motion Stability, Intensity and Complexity of Trunk and Limbs during Hands-Knees Crawling in Human Adults

Chen

Cao

et al. 2017

Sensors

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“…In the meantime some subjects (such as AD7 and AD9) increased crawling speed by changing their crawling pattern from no-limb-pairing to pace-like or trot-like patterns. Similar results could be found in related studies [6,25]. The transition from no-limb-pairing to trot (or pace) is also similar to what has been observed in mice [47,48].…”

Section: Control Strategies Of Cns To Crawling Speedsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…In addition, before the experiment, each subject performed a series of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) tasks to obtain MVC sEMG for each muscle. The design of the MVC task referred to the previous studies ( [21,22] for arm muscles, [23] for trunk muscles, [24,25] for leg muscles). To prevent fatigue, MVC was performed on each muscle one by one, and there was enough time for each muscle to rest.…”

Section: Crawling Data Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of the Intra- and Inter-Limb Muscle Coordination of Hands-and-Knees Crawling in Human Adults by Means of Muscle Synergy Analysis

Chen

Niu

et al. 2017

Entropy

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Abstract:To investigate the intra-and inter-limb muscle coordination mechanism of human hands-and-knees crawling by means of muscle synergy analysis, surface electromyographic (sEMG) signals of 20 human adults were collected bilaterally from 32 limb related muscles during crawling with hands and knees at different speeds. The nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) algorithm was exerted on each limb to extract muscle synergies. The results showed that intra-limb coordination was relatively stable during human hands-and-knees crawling. Two synergies, one relating to the stance phase and the other relating to the swing phase, could be extracted from each limb during a crawling cycle. Synergy structures during different speeds kept good consistency, but the recruitment levels, durations, and phases of muscle synergies were adjusted to adapt the change of crawling speed. Furthermore, the ipsilateral phase lag (IPL) value which was used to depict the inter-limb coordination changed with crawling speed for most subjects, and subjects using the no-limb-pairing mode at low speed tended to adopt the trot-like mode or pace-like mode at high speed. The research results could be well explained by the two-level central pattern generator (CPG) model consisting of a half-center rhythm generator (RG) and a pattern formation (PF) circuit. This study sheds light on the underlying control mechanism of human crawling.

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“…For a description of the characteristics of quadrupedal gait in healthy human infants and adults we refer readers to other reviews (Prost, 1980; Falgairolle et al, 2006; Dietz and Michel, 2009; Patrick et al, 2009, 2012; Zehr et al, 2009; Gallagher et al, 2011; Zampagni et al, 2011; MacLellan et al, 2012; Thibaudier and Hurteau, 2012). In this paper, we will focus on the mechanisms stabilizing the body as a starting point for comparing bipedalism and quadrupedalism.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trunk Orientation, Stability, and Quadrupedalism

Ivanenko¹,

Wright²,

George³

et al. 2013

Front. Neurol.

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Interesting cases of human quadrupedalism described by Tan and Colleagues (2005–2012) have attracted the attention of geneticists, neurologists, and anthropologists. Since his first publications in 2005, the main attention has focused on the genetic aspects of disorders that lead to quadrupedalism within an evolutionary framework. In recent years this area has undergone a convincing critique (Downey, 2010) and ended with a call “… to move in a different direction … away from thinking solely in terms of genetic abnormality and evolutionary atavism.” We consider quadrupedalism as a “natural experiment” that may contribute to our knowledge of the physiological mechanisms underlying our balance system and our tendency toward normal (upright) posture. Bipedalism necessitates a number of characteristics that distinguish us from our ancestors and present-day mammals, including: size and shape of the bones of the foot, structure of the axial and proximal musculature, and the orientation of the human body and head. In this review we address the results of experimental studies on the mechanisms that stabilize the body in healthy people, as well as how these mechanisms may be disturbed in various forms of clinical pathology. These disturbances are related primarily to automatic rather than voluntary control of posture and suggest that human quadrupedalism is a behavior that can result from adaptive processes triggered by disorders in postural tone and environmental cues. These results will serve as a starting point for comparing and contrasting bi- and quadrupedalism.

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Locomotion in restricted space: Kinematic and electromyographic analysis of stoopwalking and crawling

Cited by 28 publications

References 11 publications

Investigation on Inter-Limb Coordination and Motion Stability, Intensity and Complexity of Trunk and Limbs during Hands-Knees Crawling in Human Adults

Investigation on Inter-Limb Coordination and Motion Stability, Intensity and Complexity of Trunk and Limbs during Hands-Knees Crawling in Human Adults

Investigation of the Intra- and Inter-Limb Muscle Coordination of Hands-and-Knees Crawling in Human Adults by Means of Muscle Synergy Analysis

Trunk Orientation, Stability, and Quadrupedalism

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