LocknType

Kim, Jaejeung; Park, Joonyoung; Lee, Hyunsoo; Ko, Minsam; Lee, Uichin

doi:10.1145/3290605.3300927

Cited by 72 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Behavioral reinforcement strategies include regulatory apps that prevent users from using smartphones (or certain apps) after a specific duration of use or make smartphone use more difficult by requiring the user to emit effortful responses to access the smartphone. Regulatory apps have been found to be effective at reducing PSU (e.g., J. Kim et al., 2019), but a noted drawback of this approach is that users may be able to disable or delete the regulatory apps.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Preliminary Evaluation of the Effects of a Contingency Management + Deposit Contract Intervention on Problematic Smartphone Use With College Students

et al. 2022

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Problematic smartphone use (PSU) is smartphone usage that is, in some way, damaging to the user. PSU represents a growing public health concern that could be addressed via behavioral intervention. We recruited six college students who reported negative side effects of smartphone use and sought to decrease their PSU. The effects of a contingency management (CM) + deposit contract intervention on PSU was evaluated. During the CM + deposit contract condition, participants deposited $40 and had the opportunity to earn back their entire deposit by meeting daily smartphone usage goals. To promote adherence to study protocols, participants also had the opportunity to earn a $20 cooperation bonus. For all participants, lower levels of PSU were observed during intervention relative to baseline. The CM + deposit contract intervention produced consistent decreases in PSU for four participants (mean reduction percentages above 40% were obtained) and had inconsistent effects on PSU for two participants (mean reduction percentages below 20%). Maintenance of intervention effects was limited for all participants. Although preliminary, results suggest that CM + deposit contract interventions could be a viable, low-cost approach to addressing PSU. Potential explanations for our findings and avenues for future research are discussed.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Preliminary Evaluation of the Effects of a Contingency Management + Deposit Contract Intervention on Problematic Smartphone Use With College Students

et al. 2022

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“…For example, GoalKeeper [34] studied users' receptivity to different lockout intensity levels and found that users were frustrated by restrictive and coercive interventions. Interaction Restraint [55] and Lock'n'Type [35] explored how cognitive tasks like typing a series of digits could help reduce users' violation of their predefined smartphone usage limit. TypeOut [78] is a more recent study combining self-affirmation [61] and just-in-time intervention [45] to further reduce the annoyance of strong lockout interventions.…”

Section: Designs For Smartphone Overuse Interventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In response, there has been a wide range of research on smartphone overuse intervention techniques. Prior studies mainly focus on two directions: (i) restrictive blocking that introduces interaction barriers to encourage users to stop smartphone entertainment (e.g., [34,35,55,78]), and (ii) alerts or reminders that direct users away from smartphones and penalize overuse (e.g., [24,37,50,54]). However, blocking often becomes over-restrictive and causes a bad user experience, and some can even backfire and cause users to have more smartphone usage [34,78].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

InteractOut: Leveraging Interaction Proxies as Input Manipulation Strategies for Reducing Smartphone Overuse

Lu,

Zheng,

Zhang

et al. 2024

Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems

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Smartphone overuse poses risks to people's physical and mental health. However, current intervention techniques mainly focus on explicitly changing screen content (i.e., output) and often fail to persistently reduce smartphone overuse due to being over-restrictive or over-flexible. We present the design and implementation of In-teractOut, a suite of implicit input manipulation techniques that leverage interaction proxies to weakly inhibit the natural execution of common user gestures on mobile devices. We present a design space for input manipulations and demonstrate 8 Android implementations of input interventions. We first conducted a pilot lab study (N=30) to evaluate the usability of these interventions. Based on the results, we then performed a 5-week within-subject field experiment (N=42) to evaluate InteractOut in real-world scenarios. Compared to the traditional and common timed lockout technique, InteractOut significantly reduced the usage time by an additional 15.6% and opening frequency by 16.5% on participant-selected target apps. InteractOut also achieved a 25.3% higher user acceptance rate, and resulted in less frustration and better user experience according to participants' subjective feedback. InteractOut demonstrates a new direction for smartphone overuse intervention and serves as a strong complementary set of techniques with existing methods. CCS CONCEPTS• Human-centered computing → Interaction techniques; Gestural input; Empirical studies in HCI.

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“…#8). Kim, Park, et al (2019) created the Lock n’ Type intervention, which required participants to enter a string of random digits on their smartphone before they could open a blacklisted apps. They tested three different variants of this intervention, which each required different lengths of random digits #11a,#11b,#11c .…”

Section: Findings and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Digital self‐control interventions for distracting media multitasking ‐ A systematic review

Biedermann

Schneider

Drachsler

2021

Computer Assisted Learning

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Digital distractions can interfere with goal attainment and lead to undesirable habits that are hard to get red rid of. Various digital self‐control interventions promise support to alleviate the negative impact of digital distractions. These interventions use different approaches, such as the blocking of apps and websites, goal setting, or visualizations of device usage statistics. While many apps and browser extensions make use of these features, little is known about their effectiveness. This systematic review synthesizes the current research to provide insights into the effectiveness of the different kinds of interventions. From a search of the ‘ACM’, ‘Springer Link’, ‘Web of Science’, ’IEEE Xplore’ and ‘Pubmed’ databases, we identified 28 digital self‐control interventions. We categorized these interventions according to their features and their outcomes. The interventions showed varying degrees of effectiveness, and especially interventions that relied purely on increasing the participants' awareness were barely effective. For those interventions that sanctioned the use of distractions, the current literature indicates that the sanctions have to be sufficiently difficult to overcome, as they will otherwise be quickly dismissed. The overall confidence in the results is low, with small sample sizes, short study duration, and unclear study contexts. From these insights, we highlight research gaps and close with suggestions for future research.

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LocknType

Cited by 72 publications

References 46 publications

A Preliminary Evaluation of the Effects of a Contingency Management + Deposit Contract Intervention on Problematic Smartphone Use With College Students

A Preliminary Evaluation of the Effects of a Contingency Management + Deposit Contract Intervention on Problematic Smartphone Use With College Students

InteractOut: Leveraging Interaction Proxies as Input Manipulation Strategies for Reducing Smartphone Overuse

Digital self‐control interventions for distracting media multitasking ‐ A systematic review

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