“…Globally, approximately 68% of the earth's landmass is altered by anthropogenic land-use practices, related to an increased transformation to cropland from forests during 1700-2000 globally (Foley et al, 2005;Pielke et al, 2011). LULCC affects biogeochemistry (Mahowald et al, 2017), biophysical (Duveiller et al, 2020), and biogeographical (Hibbard et al, 2010) attributes of the terrestrial surface (Kabat et al, 2004;Govorushko, 2016) and also modifies the concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere, thereby affecting the atmospheric chemical composition (Pielke et al, 1998;Hibbard et al, 2010;Lal et al, 2020a;Lal et al, 2021a). The changes in biodiversity in the form of alteration of flora and fauna by the introduction of invasive species aggravate the bio-geographical composition on the surface (Clavero, 2016;Forstmaier et al, 2020;Saikia et al, 2020;Lal et al, 2021b).…”